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Studies on the Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Tyre Rubber—A Review

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  • Piotr Soprych

    (AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Czerski

    (AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

  • Przemysław Grzywacz

    (AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Waste from scrap tyres, due to its high volume (17 million Mg per year) and durability resulting from the physical and chemical properties, requires innovative approaches for efficient and environmentally friendly management. In many countries, the landfilling of waste tyres is banned (e.g., EU, USA, UK); however, waste tyres can be a source of valuable materials such as carbon black, pyrolysis oil, hydrogen-rich syngas, tyre char, as well as energy. The purpose of this article is to provide a synthesis of the state of knowledge regarding the thermal conversion of waste tyres by pyrolysis and gasification, taking into account the use of different measurement techniques and reactor types. These technologies are forward-looking and have a high degree of flexibility in terms of product sourcing, depending on the process conditions. The properties of waste from used tyres were analysed, i.e., the composition of the content of individual components and the main chemical substances. The results encompassed ultimate and proximate analyses of rubber from tyres, as well as the physical and chemical parameters of the tyre char obtained through pyrolysis. This article compiles available literature data regarding the impact of process and raw material parameters, such as temperature and time conditions, pressure, particle size, and catalyst addition on the pyrolysis and gasification processes. It also explores the influence of these factors on the yield and properties of the products, including pyrolysis oil, gas, synthesis gas, and tyre char.

Suggested Citation

  • Piotr Soprych & Grzegorz Czerski & Przemysław Grzywacz, 2023. "Studies on the Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Tyre Rubber—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-39, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2023:i:1:p:14-:d:1303327
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Grzegorz Czerski & Katarzyna Śpiewak & Dorota Makowska & Barbora Grycova, 2023. "Study on Steam Co-Gasification of Waste Tire Char and Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Ramez Abdallah & Adel Juaidi & Mahmoud Assad & Tareq Salameh & Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, 2020. "Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Using Pyrolysis: Palestine as Case of Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-13, April.
    3. Li, Dan & Lei, Shijun & Lin, Fawei & Zhong, Lei & Ma, Wenchao & Chen, Guanyi, 2020. "Study of scrap tires pyrolysis – Products distribution and mechanism," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    4. Song, Zhanlong & Yang, Yaqing & Sun, Jing & Zhao, Xiqiang & Wang, Wenlong & Mao, Yanpeng & Ma, Chunyuan, 2017. "Effect of power level on the microwave pyrolysis of tire powder," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 571-580.
    5. Serrano, Daniel & Horvat, Alen & Batuecas, Esperanza & Abelha, Pedro, 2022. "Waste tyres valorisation through gasification in a bubbling fluidised bed: An exhaustive gas composition analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 1438-1446.
    6. Al-Rahbi, Amal S. & Williams, Paul T., 2017. "Hydrogen-rich syngas production and tar removal from biomass gasification using sacrificial tyre pyrolysis char," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 501-509.
    7. Hwang, Jae Gyu & Lee, Byeong Kyu & Choi, Myung Kyu & Park, Hoon Chae & Choi, Hang Seok, 2023. "Optimal production of waste tire pyrolysis oil and recovery of high value-added D-limonene in a conical spouted bed reactor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
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    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Shoujun & Cheng, Mingqian & Xie, Ming & Yang, Yanyu & Liu, Tingting & Zhou, Tao & Cen, Qihong & Liu, Zewei & Li, Bin, 2025. "From waste to energy: Comprehensive understanding of the thermal-chemical utilization techniques for waste tire recycling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    2. Śpiewak, K. & Czerski, G. & Grzywacz, P. & Makowska, D., 2024. "Assessment of sewage sludge as a component for the tire char co-gasification process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).

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