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Static and Dynamic Electrical Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers: A Comprehensive Review

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  • Haniyeh Marefatjouikilevaee

    (Institut de Recherche en Énergie Électrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Université, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l’Université, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France)

  • Francois Auger

    (Institut de Recherche en Énergie Électrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Université, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l’Université, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France)

  • Jean-Christophe Olivier

    (Institut de Recherche en Énergie Électrique de Nantes Atlantique (IREENA, UR 4642), Nantes Université, CRTT, 37 Boulevard de l’Université, CS 90406, 44612 Saint-Nazaire, France)

Abstract

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) water electrolysers have gained attention as efficient and sustainable hydrogen production devices. Understanding their electrical behavior is crucial for optimizing their performance and control strategies. This comprehensive review analyzes both the static and dynamic electrical models, emphasizing the often-neglected dynamic models. Static models reveal steady-state behavior, offering insights into voltage-current characteristics, polarization phenomena, and overall efficiency. On the other hand, dynamic models capture transient responses, enabling an analysis of time-dependent performance and system reactions to input variations, such as flow rate, temperature, pressure, and electrical potential. The review also addresses overlooked diffusion phenomena, crucial for accurate mass transport dynamics and enhancing dynamic model accuracy. Furthermore, the article highlights challenges and research possibilities in electrical modeling, offering insight into future research subjects.

Suggested Citation

  • Haniyeh Marefatjouikilevaee & Francois Auger & Jean-Christophe Olivier, 2023. "Static and Dynamic Electrical Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-36, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:18:p:6503-:d:1236330
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    1. Singh, Sonal & Jain, Shikha & PS, Venkateswaran & Tiwari, Avanish K. & Nouni, Mansa R. & Pandey, Jitendra K. & Goel, Sanket, 2015. "Hydrogen: A sustainable fuel for future of the transport sector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 623-633.
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    1. Lucia Pera & Marta Gandiglio & Paolo Marocco, 2025. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Hydrogen-Based Power-to-Power Systems: Operational Strategies and Feasibility Within Energy Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Pouya Beigzadeh Arough & Arianna Moranda & Ataollah Niyati & Ombretta Paladino, 2025. "Parametric Sensitivity of a PEM Electrolyzer Mathematical Model: Experimental Validation on a Single-Cell Test Bench," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Ibrahima Touré & Alireza Payman & Mamadou Baïlo Camara & Brayima Dakyo, 2025. "Control Strategy of a Multi-Source System Based on Batteries, Wind Turbines, and Electrolyzers for Hydrogen Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-19, May.

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