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Monitoring Offshore CO 2 Sequestration Using Marine CSEM Methods; Constraints Inferred from Field- and Laboratory-Based Gas Hydrate Studies

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  • Steven Constable

    (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, USA)

  • Laura A. Stern

    (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA)

Abstract

Offshore geological sequestration of CO 2 offers a viable approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Strategies include injection of CO 2 into the deep-ocean or ocean-floor sediments, whereby depending on pressure–temperature conditions, CO 2 can be trapped physically, gravitationally, or converted to CO 2 hydrate. Energy-driven research continues to also advance CO 2 -for-CH 4 replacement strategies in the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ), producing methane for natural gas needs while sequestering CO 2 . In all cases, safe storage of CO 2 requires reliable monitoring of the targeted CO 2 injection sites and the integrity of the repository over time, including possible leakage. Electromagnetic technologies used for oil and gas exploration, sensitive to electrical conductivity, have long been considered an optimal monitoring method, as CO 2 , similar to hydrocarbons, typically exhibits lower conductivity than the surrounding medium. We apply 3D controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) forward modeling code to simulate an evolving CO 2 reservoir in deep-ocean sediments, demonstrating sufficient sensitivity and resolution of CSEM data to detect reservoir changes even before sophisticated inversion of data. Laboratory measurements place further constraints on evaluating certain systems within the GHSZ; notably, CO 2 hydrate is measurably weaker than methane hydrate, and >1 order of magnitude more conductive, properties that may affect site selection, stability, and modeling considerations.

Suggested Citation

  • Steven Constable & Laura A. Stern, 2022. "Monitoring Offshore CO 2 Sequestration Using Marine CSEM Methods; Constraints Inferred from Field- and Laboratory-Based Gas Hydrate Studies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7411-:d:937311
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kuang, Yangmin & Zhang, Lunxiang & Zheng, Yanpeng, 2022. "Enhanced CO2 sequestration based on hydrate technology with pressure oscillation in porous medium using NMR," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    2. Zhenwei Guo & Yunxi Yuan & Mengyuan Jiang & Jianxin Liu & Xianying Wang & Bochen Wang, 2021. "Sensitivity and Resolution of Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Method for Gas Hydrate Stable Zone," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-9, December.
    3. Kristine Horvat & Prasad Kerkar & Keith Jones & Devinder Mahajan, 2012. "Kinetics of the Formation and Dissociation of Gas Hydrates from CO 2 -CH 4 Mixtures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-15, July.
    4. George E. Halkos & Eleni-Christina Gkampoura, 2020. "Reviewing Usage, Potentials, and Limitations of Renewable Energy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
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    1. Sergey Misyura & Pavel Strizhak & Anton Meleshkin & Vladimir Morozov & Olga Gaidukova & Nikita Shlegel & Maria Shkola, 2023. "A Review of Gas Capture and Liquid Separation Technologies by CO 2 Gas Hydrate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-20, April.

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