IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i16p4851-d611004.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Biogas Produced by Anaerobic Digestion Process and Biodiesel from Date Seeds

Author

Listed:
  • Alla Mohammed Alrefai

    (School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, 9 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Raid Alrefai

    (School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, 9 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Khaled Y. Benyounis

    (School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, 9 Dublin, Ireland)

  • Joseph Stokes

    (School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, 9 Dublin, Ireland)

Abstract

Dates are an important food source in many countries that produce different types of dates. Dates have a significant amount of waste, either from planting or eating them. A large amount of seeds are produced from eating it. This study is considered to explore the quantity and the quality of biogas produced from the Sagai date seeds through the anaerobic digestion process (AD) before and after oil extraction and exploitation of oil in biodiesel production. In addition, the study aims to tests the resulted digestate from the AD process. This test was performed to ensure that the digestate contains the three basics elements (N, P and K) to be used in agriculture. In its preparation, the date seeds were ground after washing via a grinding machine without exposure to any other treatment process. Design of Experiments (DOE) was applied in determining the effect of temperature, volatile solid and sludge quantity on the resulted biogas. The energy balance at the optimum results was calculated. The highest biogas volumes from the AD of date seed before and after oil extraction were 4140 cc and 3534 cc, respectively, at 37 °C, 4.2 g-VS and 50% sludge quantity. While the highest methane/g-VS were 1143.8 cc/g-VS and 949.6 cc/g-VS, respectively, at 37 °C, 1.1 g-VS and 50% sludge quantity. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet method at 70 °C, 1:4 ratio of date seeds to n-hexane solvent and 5 h reaction time was 16% of the date seed mass (79% biodiesel and 9% glycerine). Therefore, the resultant effect from the main findings indicated that the study supports the investigation of the possibility of exploiting date seeds in the production of biogas, biodiesel and bio-fertiliser.

Suggested Citation

  • Alla Mohammed Alrefai & Raid Alrefai & Khaled Y. Benyounis & Joseph Stokes, 2021. "Biogas Produced by Anaerobic Digestion Process and Biodiesel from Date Seeds," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-41, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4851-:d:611004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4851/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4851/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ramadhas, A.S. & Muraleedharan, C. & Jayaraj, S., 2005. "Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(12), pages 1789-1800.
    2. Alaswad, A. & Dassisti, M. & Prescott, T. & Olabi, A.G., 2015. "Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1446-1460.
    3. Montingelli, M.E. & Benyounis, K.Y. & Quilty, B. & Stokes, J. & Olabi, A.G., 2017. "Influence of mechanical pretreatment and organic concentration of Irish brown seaweed for methane production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 1079-1089.
    4. Atabani, A.E. & Silitonga, A.S. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Mekhilef, S., 2012. "A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 2070-2093.
    5. Azeem, Muhammad Waqar & Hanif, Muhammad Asif & Al-Sabahi, Jamal Nasar & Khan, Asif Ali & Naz, Saima & Ijaz, Aliya, 2016. "Production of biodiesel from low priced, renewable and abundant date seed oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 124-132.
    6. Siew, Kah Weng & Lee, Hua Chyn & Gimbun, Jolius & Chin, Sim Yee & Khan, Maksudur R. & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Cheng, Chin Kui, 2015. "Syngas production from glycerol-dry(CO2) reforming over La-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 441-447.
    7. Lin, Lin & Cunshan, Zhou & Vittayapadung, Saritporn & Xiangqian, Shen & Mingdong, Dong, 2011. "Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1020-1031, April.
    8. Sakthivel, R. & Ramesh, K. & Purnachandran, R. & Mohamed Shameer, P., 2018. "A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2970-2992.
    9. Saidur, R. & BoroumandJazi, G. & Mekhilef, S. & Mohammed, H.A., 2012. "A review on exergy analysis of biomass based fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 1217-1222.
    10. Saxena, R.C. & Adhikari, D.K. & Goyal, H.B., 2009. "Biomass-based energy fuel through biochemical routes: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 167-178, January.
    11. Muanruksa, Papasanee & Kaewkannetra, Pakawadee, 2020. "Combination of fatty acids extraction and enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production using sludge palm oil as a low-cost substrate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 901-906.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mofijur, M. & Atabani, A.E. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Masum, B.M., 2013. "A study on the effects of promising edible and non-edible biodiesel feedstocks on engine performance and emissions production: A comparative evaluation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 391-404.
    2. Azad, A.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Sharma, Subhash C. & Mofijur, M. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Prospects, feedstocks and challenges of biodiesel production from beauty leaf oil and castor oil: A nonedible oil sources in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 302-318.
    3. Mofijur, M. & Rasul, M.G. & Hyde, J. & Azad, A.K. & Mamat, R. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel–biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol–biodiesel–diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 265-278.
    4. Joshi, Girdhar & Pandey, Jitendra K. & Rana, Sravendra & Rawat, Devendra S., 2017. "Challenges and opportunities for the application of biofuel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 850-866.
    5. Mohd Noor, C.W. & Noor, M.M. & Mamat, R., 2018. "Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine diesel engine applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 127-142.
    6. Atabani, A.E. & Silitonga, A.S. & Ong, H.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Fayaz, H., 2013. "Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 211-245.
    7. Ko, Ja Kyong & Lee, Jae Hoon & Jung, Je Hyeong & Lee, Sun-Mi, 2020. "Recent advances and future directions in plant and yeast engineering to improve lignocellulosic biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    8. Aytav, Emre & Kocar, Günnur, 2013. "Biodiesel from the perspective of Turkey: Past, present and future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 335-350.
    9. Mahmudul, H.M. & Hagos, F.Y. & Mamat, R. & Adam, A. Abdul & Ishak, W.F.W. & Alenezi, R., 2017. "Production, characterization and performance of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 497-509.
    10. Mohammad Anwar & Mohammad G. Rasul & Nanjappa Ashwath & Md Mofijur Rahman, 2018. "Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-18, September.
    11. Azeem, Muhammad Waqar & Hanif, Muhammad Asif & Al-Sabahi, Jamal Nasar & Khan, Asif Ali & Naz, Saima & Ijaz, Aliya, 2016. "Production of biodiesel from low priced, renewable and abundant date seed oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 124-132.
    12. Marta Ramos & Ana Paula Soares Dias & Jaime Filipe Puna & João Gomes & João Carlos Bordado, 2019. "Biodiesel Production Processes and Sustainable Raw Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-30, November.
    13. Zhu, Yixin & Xu, Jianchu & Li, Qiaohong & Mortimer, Peter E., 2014. "Investigation of rubber seed yield in Xishuangbanna and estimation of rubber seed oil based biodiesel potential in Southeast Asia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 837-842.
    14. Bhuiya, M.M.K. & Rasul, M.G. & Khan, M.M.K. & Ashwath, N. & Azad, A.K., 2016. "Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1109-1128.
    15. Jakeria, M.R. & Fazal, M.A. & Haseeb, A.S.M.A., 2014. "Influence of different factors on the stability of biodiesel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 154-163.
    16. Mardhiah, H. Haziratul & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Masjuki, H.H. & Lim, Steven & Lee, H.V., 2017. "A review on latest developments and future prospects of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from non-edible oils," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1225-1236.
    17. E, Jiaqiang & Pham, Minhhieu & Zhao, D. & Deng, Yuanwang & Le, DucHieu & Zuo, Wei & Zhu, Hao & Liu, Teng & Peng, Qingguo & Zhang, Zhiqing, 2017. "Effect of different technologies on combustion and emissions of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 620-647.
    18. Oza, Suvik & Kodgire, Pravin & Kachhwaha, Surendra Singh & Lam, Man Kee & Yusup, Suzana & Chai, Yee Ho & Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, 2024. "A review on sustainable and scalable biodiesel production using ultra-sonication technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    19. El Hage, Hicham & Herez, Amal & Ramadan, Mohamad & Bazzi, Hassan & Khaled, Mahmoud, 2018. "An investigation on solar drying: A review with economic and environmental assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 815-829.
    20. Chen, Wei & Ma, Lin & Zhou, Peng-peng & Zhu, Yuan-min & Wang, Xiao-peng & Luo, Xin-an & Bao, Zhen-dong & Yu, Long-jiang, 2015. "A novel feedstock for biodiesel production: The application of palmitic acid from Schizochytrium," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 128-138.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4851-:d:611004. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.