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A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier

Author

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  • Muhammad Heikal Hasan

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • M. Mofijur

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • I.M. Rizwanul Fattah

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Fitri Handayani

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)

  • Hwai Chyuan Ong

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • A. S. Silitonga

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, Indonesia)

Abstract

Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore, other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures, ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form, energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article, we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport, industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO 2 emissions. Therefore, the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally, the simplicity of ammonia processing, transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Heikal Hasan & Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia & M. Mofijur & I.M. Rizwanul Fattah & Fitri Handayani & Hwai Chyuan Ong & A. S. Silitonga, 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-32, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3732-:d:579693
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    3. Hossein Ali Yousefi Rizi & Donghoon Shin, 2022. "Green Hydrogen Production Technologies from Ammonia Cracking," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-49, November.
    4. T. M. Indra Mahlia & I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, 2021. "Energy for Sustainable Future," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-2, November.
    5. Fei Ma & Lingyan Guo & Zhijie Li & Xiaoxiao Zeng & Zhencao Zheng & Wei Li & Feiyang Zhao & Wenbin Yu, 2023. "A Review of Current Advances in Ammonia Combustion from the Fundamentals to Applications in Internal Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.
    6. Vadim V. Ponkratov & Alexey S. Kuznetsov & Iskandar Muda & Miftahul Jannah Nasution & Mohammed Al-Bahrani & Hikmet Ş. Aybar, 2022. "Investigating the Index of Sustainable Development and Reduction in Greenhouse Gases of Renewable Energies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-13, November.
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