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Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems

Author

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  • Anders Grauers

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden)

  • Sven Borén

    (Blekinge Institute of Technology, TISU, SE-37179 Karlskrona, Sweden)

  • Oscar Enerbäck

    (Rise Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 3A, SE-41756 Gothenburg, Sweden)

Abstract

Without experiences of electric buses, public transport authorities and bus operators have faced questions about how to implement them in a cost-effective way. Simple cost modelling cannot show how costs for different types of electric buses differ between different routes and timetables. Tools (e.g., HASTUS, PtMS, and optibus) which can analyse such details are complicated, time consuming to use, and provide insufficient insights into the mechanisms that influence the cost. This paper therefore proposes a method for how to calculate total cost of ownership, for different types of electric buses, in a way which can predict how the cost varies based on route and timetable. The method excludes factors which cause minor cost variations in an almost random manor, in order to better show the fundamental mechanisms influencing different costs. The method will help in finding ways to reduce the cost and help to define a few cases which deserve a deep analysis with more complete tools. Testing of the method in a Swedish context showed that the results are in line with other theoretical and practical studies, and how the total cost of ownership can vary depending on the variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Anders Grauers & Sven Borén & Oscar Enerbäck, 2020. "Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3262-:d:375634
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mahmoud, Moataz & Garnett, Ryan & Ferguson, Mark & Kanaroglou, Pavlos, 2016. "Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 673-684.
    2. Orhan Topal & İsmail Nakir, 2018. "Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
    3. Neil Quarles & Kara M. Kockelman & Moataz Mohamed, 2020. "Costs and Benefits of Electrifying and Automating Bus Transit Fleets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-15, May.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.

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