IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i9p1602-d226352.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigation and Evaluation of Winter Indoor Air Quality of Primary Schools in Severe Cold Weather Areas of China

Author

Listed:
  • Fusheng Ma

    (School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology and Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
    Construction Technology Research Institute, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China)

  • Changhong Zhan

    (School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology and Key Laboratory of Cold Region Urban and Rural Human Settlement Environment Science and Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China)

  • Xiaoyang Xu

    (Construction Technology Research Institute, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China)

Abstract

The indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms has attracted more and more attention. Unfortunately, there is limited information relating to IAQ in the primary schools in severe cold weather areas of China. In this study, a field investigation on the IAQ of a primary school of Shenyang in northeast China was carried out by physical measurements and questionnaire surveys. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in selected classrooms was continuously measured for a week, and the corresponding ventilation rate was calculated. Meanwhile, the perceptions of the IAQ, the purpose and the comfort degree of window opening have also been recorded from 106 pupils, aged 9–12. The results indicate the ventilation rate is considerably inadequate in about 99% of the class time due to the low frequency of window opening. The average daily CO 2 concentration in these classrooms is 1510–3863 ppm, which is far higher than the recommended value of 1000 ppm. Most pupils understand that the purpose of opening windows in winter is to improve air quality. However, there are big differences between the measurement results and subjective judgments of indoor air quality. Contrary to the high measured CO 2 concentration, around 70% pupils consider the air fresh, and only 3.7% pupils are dissatisfied and even very dissatisfied with IAQ in their classroom. It is necessary to change the existing manual window opening mode, because the pupils’ subjective judgment affects the window opening behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Fusheng Ma & Changhong Zhan & Xiaoyang Xu, 2019. "Investigation and Evaluation of Winter Indoor Air Quality of Primary Schools in Severe Cold Weather Areas of China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-19, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:9:p:1602-:d:226352
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1602/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1602/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. A.M. Fogheri, 2015. "Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings," Rivista economica del Mezzogiorno, Società editrice il Mulino, issue 3-4, pages 763-784.
    2. Zhen Peng & Wu Deng & Rosangela Tenorio, 2017. "Investigation of Indoor Air Quality and the Identification of Influential Factors at Primary Schools in the North of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-14, July.
    3. Turanjanin, Valentina & Vučićević, Biljana & Jovanović, Marina & Mirkov, Nikola & Lazović, Ivan, 2014. "Indoor CO2 measurements in Serbian schools and ventilation rate calculation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 290-296.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Joanna Ferdyn-Grygierek & Andrzej Baranowski & Monika Blaszczok & Jan Kaczmarczyk, 2019. "Thermal Diagnostics of Natural Ventilation in Buildings: An Integrated Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-22, November.
    2. Fusheng Ma & Changhong Zhan & Xiaoyang Xu & Guanghao Li, 2020. "Winter Thermal Comfort and Perceived Air Quality: A Case Study of Primary Schools in Severe Cold Regions in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Anna Bulińska & Zbigniew Buliński, 2022. "Determination of the Interzonal Airflows in Naturally Ventilated Dwellings Based on Concentration Measurements of the Metabolic Carbon Dioxide," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-19, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jing, Gang & Cai, Wenjian & Zhang, Xin & Cui, Can & Yin, Xiaohong & Xian, Huacai, 2019. "An energy-saving oriented air balancing strategy for multi-zone demand-controlled ventilation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1053-1065.
    2. Yu Dong & Tongyu Qin & Siyuan Zhou & Lu Huang & Rui Bo & Haibo Guo & Xunzhi Yin, 2020. "Comparative Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction Performance of Reinforced Concrete and Timber Stadiums—A Case Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-24, February.
    3. Leurent, Martin & Jasserand, Frédéric & Locatelli, Giorgio & Palm, Jenny & Rämä, Miika & Trianni, Andrea, 2017. "Driving forces and obstacles to nuclear cogeneration in Europe: Lessons learnt from Finland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 138-150.
    4. Tong, Zheming & Chen, Yujiao & Malkawi, Ali & Liu, Zhu & Freeman, Richard B., 2016. "Energy saving potential of natural ventilation in China: The impact of ambient air pollution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 660-668.
    5. Xuejing Zheng & Boxiao Xu & Shijun You & Huan Zhang & Yaran Wang & Leizhai Sun, 2020. "Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions of Coach Stations in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-22, July.
    6. Carla Balocco & Lorenzo Leoncini, 2020. "Energy Cost for Effective Ventilation and Air Quality for Healthy Buildings: Plant Proposals for a Historic Building School Reopening in the Covid-19 Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-16, October.
    7. Alhamwi, Alaa & Medjroubi, Wided & Vogt, Thomas & Agert, Carsten, 2018. "Modelling urban energy requirements using open source data and models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 1100-1108.
    8. Liu, Jia & Chen, Xi & Yang, Hongxing & Li, Yutong, 2020. "Energy storage and management system design optimization for a photovoltaic integrated low-energy building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    9. Li, Honglian & Huang, Jin & Hu, Yao & Wang, Shangyu & Liu, Jing & Yang, Liu, 2021. "A new TMY generation method based on the entropy-based TOPSIS theory for different climatic zones in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    10. Yu, Jinghua & Leng, Kangxin & Ye, Hong & Xu, Xinhua & Luo, Yongqiang & Wang, Jinbo & Yang, Xie & Yang, Qingchen & Gang, Wenjie, 2020. "Study on thermal insulation characteristics and optimized design of pipe-embedded ventilation roof with outer-layer shape-stabilized PCM in different climate zones," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1609-1622.
    11. Ranka Gajić & Darinka Golubović-Matić & Biserka Mitrović & Svetlana Batarilo & Milena Kordić, 2021. "The Methodology for Supporting Land Use Management in Collective Housing towards Achieving Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of New Belgrade, Serbia," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-25, January.
    12. Ahn, Jonghoon & Cho, Soolyeon & Chung, Dae Hun, 2016. "Development of a statistical analysis model to benchmark the energy use intensity of subway stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 488-496.
    13. Shiying Li & Jae-Weon Jeong, 2018. "Energy Performance of Liquid Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling-Assisted 100% Outdoor Air Systems under Various Climatic Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, May.
    14. Shilei Lu & Minchao Fan & Yiqun Zhao, 2018. "A System to Pre-Evaluate the Suitability of Energy-Saving Technology for Green Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-19, October.
    15. Droutsa, Kalliopi G. & Kontoyiannidis, Simon & Dascalaki, Elena G. & Balaras, Constantinos A., 2016. "Mapping the energy performance of hellenic residential buildings from EPC (energy performance certificate) data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 284-295.
    16. Lyu, Weihua & Li, Xianting & Yan, Shuai & Jiang, Sihang, 2020. "Utilizing shallow geothermal energy to develop an energy efficient HVAC system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 672-682.
    17. Cui, Can & Xue, Jing, 2024. "Energy and comfort aware operation of multi-zone HVAC system through preference-inspired deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    18. English, J. & Niet, T. & Lyseng, B. & Palmer-Wilson, K. & Keller, V. & Moazzen, I. & Pitt, L. & Wild, P. & Rowe, A., 2017. "Impact of electrical intertie capacity on carbon policy effectiveness," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 571-581.
    19. Luo, Yongqiang & Zhang, Ling & Liu, Zhongbing & Wang, Yingzi & Meng, Fangfang & Wu, Jing, 2016. "Thermal performance evaluation of an active building integrated photovoltaic thermoelectric wall system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 25-39.
    20. Li, Hong Xian & Li, Yan & Jiang, Boya & Zhang, Limao & Wu, Xianguo & Lin, Jingyi, 2020. "Energy performance optimisation of building envelope retrofit through integrated orthogonal arrays with data envelopment analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1414-1423.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:9:p:1602-:d:226352. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.