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An Approach to State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Unit

Author

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  • Chaoran Li

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

  • Fei Xiao

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

  • Yaxiang Fan

    (National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China)

Abstract

State of charge (SOC) represents the amount of electricity stored and is calculated and used by battery management systems (BMSs). However, SOC cannot be observed directly, and SOC estimation is a challenging task due to the battery’s nonlinear characteristics when operating in complex conditions. In this paper, based on the new advanced deep learning techniques, a SOC estimation approach for Lithium-ion batteries using a recurrent neural network with gated recurrent unit (GRU-RNN) is introduced where observable variables such as voltage, current, and temperature are directly mapped to SOC estimation. The proposed technique requires no model or knowledge of the battery’s internal parameters and is able to estimate SOC at various temperatures by using a single set of self-learned network parameters. The proposed method is evaluated on two public datasets of vehicle drive cycles and another high rate pulse discharge condition dataset with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.86%, 1.75%, and 1.05%. Experiment results show that the proposed method is accurate and robust.

Suggested Citation

  • Chaoran Li & Fei Xiao & Yaxiang Fan, 2019. "An Approach to State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-22, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:9:p:1592-:d:226121
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Li, Zongxiang & Li, Liwei & Chen, Jing & Wang, Dongqing, 2024. "A multi-head attention mechanism aided hybrid network for identifying batteries’ state of charge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
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    3. Shehzar Shahzad Sheikh & Mahnoor Anjum & Muhammad Abdullah Khan & Syed Ali Hassan & Hassan Abdullah Khalid & Adel Gastli & Lazhar Ben-Brahim, 2020. "A Battery Health Monitoring Method Using Machine Learning: A Data-Driven Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-16, July.
    4. Shuo Sun & Qianli Zhang & Junzhong Sun & Wei Cai & Zhiyong Zhou & Zhanlu Yang & Zongliang Wang, 2022. "Lead–Acid Battery SOC Prediction Using Improved AdaBoost Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-20, August.
    5. Liu, Mengmeng & Xu, Jun & Jiang, Yihui & Mei, Xuesong, 2023. "Multi-dimensional features based data-driven state of charge estimation method for LiFePO4 batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    6. Wenxian Duan & Chuanxue Song & Silun Peng & Feng Xiao & Yulong Shao & Shixin Song, 2020. "An Improved Gated Recurrent Unit Network Model for State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Yang, Kuo & Tang, Yugui & Zhang, Shujing & Zhang, Zhen, 2022. "A deep learning approach to state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on dual-stage attention mechanism," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    8. Giacomo Talluri & Gabriele Maria Lozito & Francesco Grasso & Carlos Iturrino Garcia & Antonio Luchetta, 2021. "Optimal Battery Energy Storage System Scheduling within Renewable Energy Communities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-23, December.
    9. Chen, Junxiong & Feng, Xiong & Jiang, Lin & Zhu, Qiao, 2021. "State of charge estimation of lithium-ion battery using denoising autoencoder and gated recurrent unit recurrent neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    10. Marat Sadykov & Sam Haines & Mark Broadmeadow & Geoff Walker & David William Holmes, 2023. "Practical Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Charge Estimation Using Time-Series Machine Learning for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-34, February.
    11. Siyi Tao & Bo Jiang & Xuezhe Wei & Haifeng Dai, 2023. "A Systematic and Comparative Study of Distinct Recurrent Neural Networks for Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Charge Estimation in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    12. Bian, Chong & He, Huoliang & Yang, Shunkun, 2020. "Stacked bidirectional long short-term memory networks for state-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    13. Gelareh Javid & Djaffar Ould Abdeslam & Michel Basset, 2021. "Adaptive Online State of Charge Estimation of EVs Lithium-Ion Batteries with Deep Recurrent Neural Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-14, February.
    14. Panagiotis Eleftheriadis & Spyridon Giazitzis & Sonia Leva & Emanuele Ogliari, 2023. "Data-Driven Methods for the State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Overview," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-24, September.
    15. Li, Hao & Fu, Lijun & Long, Xinlin & Liu, Lang & Zeng, Ziqing, 2024. "A hybrid deep learning model for lithium-ion batteries state of charge estimation based on quantile regression and attention," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    16. Kurucan, Mehmet & Özbaltan, Mete & Yetgin, Zeki & Alkaya, Alkan, 2024. "Applications of artificial neural network based battery management systems: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    17. S. Tamilselvi & S. Gunasundari & N. Karuppiah & Abdul Razak RK & S. Madhusudan & Vikas Madhav Nagarajan & T. Sathish & Mohammed Zubair M. Shamim & C. Ahamed Saleel & Asif Afzal, 2021. "A Review on Battery Modelling Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-26, September.
    18. Chen, Zheng & Zhao, Hongqian & Shu, Xing & Zhang, Yuanjian & Shen, Jiangwei & Liu, Yonggang, 2021. "Synthetic state of charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries based on long short-term memory network modeling and adaptive H-Infinity filter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    19. Xie, Yanxin & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Gexiang & Fan, Yongcun & Fernandez, Carlos & Blaabjerg, Frede, 2023. "Optimized multi-hidden layer long short-term memory modeling and suboptimal fading extended Kalman filtering strategies for the synthetic state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    20. Xinyu Gu & KW See & Yunpeng Wang & Liang Zhao & Wenwen Pu, 2021. "The Sliding Window and SHAP Theory—An Improved System with a Long Short-Term Memory Network Model for State of Charge Prediction in Electric Vehicle Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, June.

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