IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i13p2520-d244511.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Renewable Energy in the Electricity Sector and GDP per Capita in the European Union

Author

Listed:
  • Mihaela Simionescu

    (Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Yuriy Bilan

    (Faculty of Social and Economic Relations, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Studentska 3, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia)

  • Emília Krajňáková

    (Faculty of Social and Economic Relations, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, Studentska 3, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia)

  • Dalia Streimikiene

    (Kaunas Faculty, Vilnius University, Muitines 8, LT-44280 Kaunas, Lithuania)

  • Stanisław Gędek

    (Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

Abstract

Considering that the European Directive has imposed that at least 20% of the total energy should come from renewable energy sources (RES) by 2020 already and the specific targets for each European Union Member State, this paper attempts to assess the importance of GDP per capita in realizing these targets and also the effects of the RES share in electricity. Contrary to previous research, this paper does not consider the connection between economic growth and RES, but rather the potential connection between the share of RES in electricity and the real GDP per capita. The panel data models indicated to a positive, but very low impact of GDP per capita on the share of RES in electricity in the period of 2007–2017 in the case of the EU countries, except Luxembourg that has outlier values of GDP per capita. However, causality between the two variables was not identified. Some groups of countries were described according to these variables using cluster analysis. Future research should focus on the extension of this model by including other important variables such as RES potential available in the countries with specific geographical conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Mihaela Simionescu & Yuriy Bilan & Emília Krajňáková & Dalia Streimikiene & Stanisław Gędek, 2019. "Renewable Energy in the Electricity Sector and GDP per Capita in the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-15, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:13:p:2520-:d:244511
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2520/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2520/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Lund, Henrik, 2017. "Cross-border versus cross-sector interconnectivity in renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 492-501.
    2. Suat Ozturk & Feride Ozturk, 2018. "Forecasting Energy Consumption of Turkey by Arima Model," Journal of Asian Scientific Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 8(2), pages 52-60.
    3. Stamatios Ntanos & Michalis Skordoulis & Grigorios Kyriakopoulos & Garyfallos Arabatzis & Miltiadis Chalikias & Spyros Galatsidas & Athanasios Batzios & Apostolia Katsarou, 2018. "Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-13, July.
    4. Blazejczak, Jürgen & Braun, Frauke G. & Edler, Dietmar & Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2014. "Economic effects of renewable energy expansion: A model-based analysis for Germany," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 1070-1080.
    5. Sadorsky, Perry, 2009. "Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 4021-4028, October.
    6. Würzburg, Klaas & Labandeira, Xavier & Linares, Pedro, 2013. "Renewable generation and electricity prices: Taking stock and new evidence for Germany and Austria," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(S1), pages 159-171.
    7. Collins, Seán & Deane, J.P. & Ó Gallachóir, Brian, 2017. "Adding value to EU energy policy analysis using a multi-model approach with an EU-28 electricity dispatch model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 433-447.
    8. Fumo, Nelson & Rafe Biswas, M.A., 2015. "Regression analysis for prediction of residential energy consumption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 332-343.
    9. Lund, Henrik, 2007. "Renewable energy strategies for sustainable development," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 912-919.
    10. Yuriy Bilan & Dalia Streimikiene & Tetyana Vasylieva & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko & Anatolii Pavlyk, 2019. "Linking between Renewable Energy, CO 2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Challenges for Candidates and Potential Candidates for the EU Membership," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-16, March.
    11. Liu, Yaobin, 2009. "Exploring the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption in China using ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) and FDM (factor decomposition model)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(11), pages 1846-1854.
    12. Nadia Singh & Richard Nyuur & Ben Richmond, 2019. "Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, April.
    13. Gustav Resch & Malte Gephart & Simone Steinhilber & Corinna Klessmann & Pablo del Rio & Mario Ragwitz, 2013. "Coordination or Harmonisation? Feasible Pathways for a European Res Strategy beyond 2020," Energy & Environment, , vol. 24(1-2), pages 147-169, February.
    14. Pappas, S.Sp. & Ekonomou, L. & Karamousantas, D.Ch. & Chatzarakis, G.E. & Katsikas, S.K. & Liatsis, P., 2008. "Electricity demand loads modeling using AutoRegressive Moving Average (ARMA) models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(9), pages 1353-1360.
    15. Oumhani Eddelani & Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi & Salvatore Monni, 2019. "Territorialized forms of production in Morocco: provisional assessment for an own model in gestation," Insights into Regional Development, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 1(1), pages 6-18, March.
    16. Liobikienė, Genovaitė & Butkus, Mindaugas, 2017. "The European Union possibilities to achieve targets of Europe 2020 and Paris agreement climate policy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 298-309.
    17. Larysa Cherchyk & Mykola Shershun & Nina Khumarova & Taras Mykytyn & Artur Cherchyk, 2019. "Assessment of forest enterprises' performance: integrating economic security and ecological impact," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 6(4), pages 1784-1797, June.
    18. Proença, Sara & St. Aubyn, Miguel, 2013. "Hybrid modeling to support energy-climate policy: Effects of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energy in Portugal," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 176-185.
    19. Alper, Aslan & Oguz, Ocal, 2016. "The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 953-959.
    20. García-Álvarez, María Teresa & Moreno, Blanca & Soares, Isabel, 2016. "Analyzing the environmental and resource pressures from European energy activity: A comparative study of EU member states," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P2), pages 1375-1384.
    21. Pfenninger, Stefan & Keirstead, James, 2015. "Renewables, nuclear, or fossil fuels? Scenarios for Great Britain’s power system considering costs, emissions and energy security," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 83-93.
    22. Gasparatos, Alexandros & Doll, Christopher N.H. & Esteban, Miguel & Ahmed, Abubakari & Olang, Tabitha A., 2017. "Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 161-184.
    23. repec:ssi:jouesi:v:1:y:2019:i:1:p:6-18 is not listed on IDEAS
    24. Salim, Ruhul A. & Shafiei, Sahar, 2014. "Urbanization and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in OECD countries: An empirical analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 581-591.
    25. Markaki, M. & Belegri-Roboli, A. & Sarafidis, Υ. & Mirasgedis, S., 2017. "The carbon footprint of Greek households (1995–2012)," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 206-215.
    26. Anthony N. Rezitis & Shaikh Mostak Ahammad, 2015. "The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South and Southeast Asian Countries: A Panel Vector Autoregression Approach and Causality Analysis," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(3), pages 704-715.
    27. Štreimikienė, Dalia & Balezentis, Tomas, 2016. "Kaya identity for analysis of the main drivers of GHG emissions and feasibility to implement EU “20–20–20” targets in the Baltic States," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1108-1113.
    28. Huiru Zhao & Sen Guo, 2015. "External Benefit Evaluation of Renewable Energy Power in China for Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-23, April.
    29. Marcin Rabe & Dalia Streimikiene & Yuriy Bilan, 2019. "The Concept of Risk and Possibilities of Application of Mathematical Methods in Supporting Decision Making for Sustainable Energy Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-24, February.
    30. Tsai, Sang-Bing & Xue, Youzhi & Zhang, Jianyu & Chen, Quan & Liu, Yubin & Zhou, Jie & Dong, Weiwei, 2017. "Models for forecasting growth trends in renewable energy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 1169-1178.
    31. Omar Masood & Manuela Tvaronavičienė & Kiran Javaria, 2019. "Impact of oil prices on stock return: evidence from G7 countries," Post-Print hal-02163013, HAL.
    32. Engelken, Maximilian & Römer, Benedikt & Drescher, Marcus & Welpe, Isabell M. & Picot, Arnold, 2016. "Comparing drivers, barriers, and opportunities of business models for renewable energies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 795-809.
    33. Daniel Ştefan Armeanu & Georgeta Vintilă & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2017. "Does Renewable Energy Drive Sustainable Economic Growth? Multivariate Panel Data Evidence for EU-28 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-21, March.
    34. Olga Lavrinenko & Svetlana Ignatjeva & Alina Ohotina & Oleg Rybalkin & Dainis Lazdans, 2019. "The Role of Green Economy in Sustainable Development (Case Study: The EU States)," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 6(3), pages 1113-1126, March.
    35. Yuan, Chaoqing & Liu, Sifeng & Fang, Zhigeng, 2016. "Comparison of China's primary energy consumption forecasting by using ARIMA (the autoregressive integrated moving average) model and GM(1,1) model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 384-390.
    36. Klessmann, Corinna & Rathmann, Max & de Jager, David & Gazzo, Alexis & Resch, Gustav & Busch, Sebastian & Ragwitz, Mario, 2013. "Policy options for reducing the costs of reaching the European renewables target," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 390-403.
    37. Inglesi-Lotz, Roula, 2016. "The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 58-63.
    38. Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2009. "Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems—The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 524-531.
    39. Dilek Temiz Dinç & Ece C. Akdoğan, 2019. "Renewable Energy Production, Energy Consumption and Sustainable Economic Growth in Turkey: A VECM Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-14, February.
    40. Suat Ozturk & Feride Ozturk, 2018. "Forecasting Energy Consumption of Turkey by Arima Model," Journal of Asian Scientific Research, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 8(2), pages 52-60, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mihaela Simionescu & Wadim Strielkowski & Manuela Tvaronavičienė, 2020. "Renewable Energy in Final Energy Consumption and Income in the EU-28 Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Mihaela Simionescu & Carmen Beatrice Păuna & Tiberiu Diaconescu, 2020. "Renewable Energy and Economic Performance in the Context of the European Green Deal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, December.
    3. Anca Mehedintu & Mihaela Sterpu & Georgeta Soava, 2018. "Estimation and Forecasts for the Share of Renewable Energy Consumption in Final Energy Consumption by 2020 in the European Union," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-22, May.
    4. Federica Cucchiella & Idiano D’Adamo & Massimo Gastaldi, 2018. "Future Trajectories of Renewable Energy Consumption in the European Union," Resources, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-13, February.
    5. Marcin Rabe & Dalia Streimikiene & Yuriy Bilan, 2020. "Model of Optimization of Wind Energy Production in the Light of Legal Changes in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, March.
    6. Marcin Rabe & Dalia Streimikiene & Wojciech Drożdż & Yuriy Bilan & Rafal Kasperowicz, 2020. "Sustainable regional energy planning: The case of hydro," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(6), pages 1652-1662, November.
    7. Rafał Kasperowicz & Yuriy Bilan & Dalia Štreimikienė, 2020. "The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in European countries," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 1086-1093, September.
    8. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    9. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Chittedi, Krishna Reddy & Jiao, Zhilun & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    10. Serhiy Lyeonov & Tetyana Pimonenko & Yuriy Bilan & Dalia Štreimikienė & Grzegorz Mentel, 2019. "Assessment of Green Investments’ Impact on Sustainable Development: Linking Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-12, October.
    11. Miloš Žarković & Slobodan Lakić & Jasmina Ćetković & Bojan Pejović & Srdjan Redzepagic & Irena Vodenska & Radoje Vujadinović, 2022. "Effects of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, GHG, ICT on Sustainable Economic Growth: Evidence from Old and New EU Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-27, August.
    12. Islam, Md. Monirul & Irfan, Muhammad & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2022. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in Bangladesh: The relative influencing profiles of economic factors, urbanization, physical infrastructure and institutional quality," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1130-1149.
    13. Koçak, Emrah & Şarkgüneşi, Aykut, 2017. "The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 51-57.
    14. Fangming Xie & Chuanzhe Liu & Huiying Chen & Ning Wang, 2018. "Threshold Effects of New Energy Consumption Transformation on Economic Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-14, November.
    15. Filimonova Irina Viktorovna & Nemov Vasily Yurievich & Provornaya Irina Viktorovna & Ozhogova Lyubov Mikhailovna, 2021. "Impact of Renewable Energy Sources Consumption on Economic Growth in Europe and Asia-Pacific Region," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(6), pages 270-278.
    16. Tomasz Rokicki & Aleksandra Perkowska, 2020. "Changes in Energy Supplies in the Countries of the Visegrad Group," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-17, September.
    17. Wan-Jiun Chen, 2022. "Toward Sustainability: Dynamics of Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Aggregate Income, Non-Renewable Energy, and Renewable Power," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-27, February.
    18. Pruethsan Sutthichaimethee & Danupon Ariyasajjakorn, 2018. "Relationships between Causal Factors Affecting Future Carbon Dioxide Output from Thailand’s Transportation Sector under the Government’s Sustainability Policy: Expanding the SEM-VECM Model," Resources, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-18, December.
    19. Nadia Singh & Richard Nyuur & Ben Richmond, 2019. "Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, April.
    20. Agnieszka Wałachowska & Aranka Ignasiak-Szulc, 2021. "Comparison of Renewable Energy Sources in ‘New’ EU Member States in the Context of National Energy Transformations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:13:p:2520-:d:244511. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.