IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jecomi/v8y2020i2p43-d365947.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Declining Protection for Vietnamese Agriculture under Trade Liberalization: Evidence from an Input–Output Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Bao Ho Dinh

    (Faculty of Economics, National Economics University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

  • Hai Nguyen Phuc

    (Faculty of Economics, National Economics University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

  • Trinh Bui

    (Vietnam Development Research Institute, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

  • Hau Nguyen

    (General Statistics Office, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

Abstract

This study aims to assess the protection for Vietnamese agriculture under trade liberalization based on the input–output approach. From a theoretical perspective, the authors develop a general framework to estimate the effective rate of protection using an input–output table, taking into account tariffs, subsidies and value-added tax. Based on the data of 2012 and 2016, with a projection to 2020, the empirical results reveal that agricultural production, which is considered as Vietnam’s comparative advantage, is insignificantly protected. From the year 2012 to 2016, the effective rate of protection declined for primary agriculture and its supporting sectors, and would become negative by 2020. This implies that Vietnamese farmers are at a disadvantage due to the effect of trade liberalization. Furthermore, it is empirically revealed that the primary agricultural sector has a high value-added multiplier, which means a significant contribution to the domestic economy, is not protected by the government’s tax and tariff policies. Based on the study results, the authors suggest some policy recommendations to improve the situation, which are focused on the reduction of the value-added tax rate on inputs, while making industries with a high spillover effect to the domestic economy a key priority.

Suggested Citation

  • Bao Ho Dinh & Hai Nguyen Phuc & Trinh Bui & Hau Nguyen, 2020. "Declining Protection for Vietnamese Agriculture under Trade Liberalization: Evidence from an Input–Output Analysis," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-11, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:8:y:2020:i:2:p:43-:d:365947
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/8/2/43/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/8/2/43/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kym Anderson, 2003. "Measuring Effects of Trade Policy Distortions: How Far Have We Come?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 413-440, April.
    2. Bela Balassa, 1965. "Tariff Protection in Industrial Countries: An Evaluation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 73, pages 573-573.
    3. Anderson, James E, 1970. "General Equilibrium and the Effective Rate of Protection," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 78(4), pages 717-724, Part I, J.
    4. Bo Chen & Hong Ma & David S. Jacks, 2017. "Revisiting the Effective Rate of Protection in the Late Stages of Chinese Industrialisation," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 424-438, February.
    5. Johnson, Harry G, 1969. "The Theory of Effective Protection and Preferences," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 36(142), pages 119-138, May.
    6. Francisco Rodríguez & Dani Rodrik, 2001. "Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National Evidence," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Volume 15, pages 261-338, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. W. M. Corden, 1966. "The Structure of a Tariff System and the Effective Protective Rate," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 74, pages 221-221.
    8. Bureau, Jean-Christophe & Jean, Sã‰Bastien & Matthews, Alan, 2006. "The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes," World Trade Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 225-249, July.
    9. Bui Trinh, 2010. "Measuring The Effective Rate Of Protection In Vietnam’S Economy With Emphasis On The Manufacturing Industry: An Input-Output Approach," Working Papers 12, Development and Policies Research Center (DEPOCEN), Vietnam.
    10. Diakantoni, Antonia & Escaith, Hubert, 2012. "Reassessing effective protection rates in a trade in tasks perspective: Evolution of trade policy in "Factory Asia"," MPRA Paper 41723, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Amelia U. Santos‐Paulino, 2005. "Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence for Developing Countries," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 783-821, June.
    12. Orden, David & Cheng, Fuzhi & Nguyen, Hoa & Grote, Ulrike & Thomas, Marcelle & Mullen, Kathleen & Sun, Dongsheng, 2007. "Agricultural producer support estimates for developing countries: Measurement issues and evidence from India, Indonesia, China, and Vietnam," Research reports 152, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    13. Robert C. Feenstra, 1992. "How Costly Is Protectionism?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 159-178, Summer.
    14. David Greenaway & Chris Milner, 2003. "Effective Protection, Policy Appraisal and Trade Policy Reform," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 441-456, April.
    15. Diakantoni, Antonia & Escaith, Hubert, 2014. "Trade in tasks, tariff policy and effective protection rates," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2014-22, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
    16. Brian McCaig & Nina Pavcnik, 2013. "Moving out of Agriculture: Structural Change in Vietnam," NBER Working Papers 19616, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    17. Prema‐chandra Athukorala, 2006. "Trade Policy Reforms and the Structure of Protection in Vietnam," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 161-187, February.
    18. Corden, W. M., 1971. "The substitution problem in the theory of effective protection," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 37-57, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kgothatso Nkgadima & Chiedza L. Muchopa, 2022. "Do Import Tariff Adjustments Bolster Domestic Production? Analysis of the South African-Brazilian Poultry Market Case," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.
    2. Ho, Manh-Toan, 2020. "The rise of research on development economics in Vietnam: Analyses and implications for the public and policymakers from SSHPA 2008-2020 dataset," Thesis Commons msy6e, Center for Open Science.
    3. , Aisdl, 2020. "The rise of research on development economics in Vietnam: Analyses and implications for the public and policymakers from SSHPA 2008-2020 dataset," OSF Preprints 9nbyr, Center for Open Science.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Maria Cipollina & Luca Salvatici, 2008. "Measuring Protection: Mission Impossible?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 577-616, July.
    2. Antimiani, Alessandro & Fusacchia, Ilaria & Salvatici, Luca, 2016. "Value Added Trade Restrictiveness Indexes. Measuring Protection with Global Value Chains," Conference papers 332745, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    3. Bo Chen & Hong Ma & David S. Jacks, 2017. "Revisiting the Effective Rate of Protection in the Late Stages of Chinese Industrialisation," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 424-438, February.
    4. Kanika Pathania & Aditya Bhattacharjea, 2020. "Inverted Duty Structures and the Paradox of Negative Effective Protection in India, 2000–2014," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 55(2), pages 139-167, May.
    5. Diakantoni, Antonia & Escaith, Hubert & Roberts, Michael & Verbeet, Thomas, 2017. "Accumulating trade costs and competitiveness in global value chains," WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2017-02, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division.
    6. Escaith, Hubert, 2014. "Exploring the policy dimensions of trade in value-added," MPRA Paper 59891, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 08 Nov 2014.
    7. Subhani, Muhammad Imtiaz & Osman, Ms.Amber & Khokhar, Rabbia, 2010. "Determinants and barriers to bilateral trade A study on developing economies," MPRA Paper 26179, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Lindland, Jostein, 1997. "The impact of the Uruguay Round on tariff escalation in agricultural products," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 22(6), pages 487-500, December.
    9. Etzaz Ahmad & Maha Ahmad & Ghulam Saghir, 2021. "An Analysis of Pakistan’s Agricultural Commodities based on Effective Protection Rate and Its Decomposition," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 60(3), pages 235-249.
    10. Rouzet, Dorothée & Miroudot, Sébastien, 2013. "The Cumulative Impact of Trade Barriers along the Value Chain: An Empirical Assessment using the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Model," Conference papers 332366, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    11. J Fedderke & P Vaze, 2001. "THE NATURE OF SOUTH AFRICA'S TRADE PATTERNS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, AND THE EXTENT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION DURING THE COURSE OF THE 1990′s," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 69(3), pages 436-478, September.
    12. Marks, Stephen V., 2011. "Lao economic policies and effective rates of protection," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 115-127, April.
    13. Kym Anderson, 2016. "Contributions Of The Gatt/Wto To Global Economic Welfare: Empirical Evidence," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 56-92, February.
    14. Muhammad Imtiaz Subhani & Amber Osman & Rabia Khokhar, 2011. "The new version of gravity model in explaining bilateral trade. “A comparative study for developed and developing nations”," EuroEconomica, Danubius University of Galati, issue 28, pages 41-54, May.
    15. Jean Waelbroeck, 1976. "Measuring the Degree or Progress of Economic Integration (Main Paper, Working Group A)," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/10934, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    16. Jie Wu & Chan‐Guk Huh & Jacob Wood, 2021. "Globally chained economies, unwitting victims of the US‐China trade war," Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government, The Australian National University, vol. 35(2), pages 60-76, November.
    17. Yang, Changjiang & Yan, Xiaoxuan, 2023. "Impact of carbon tariffs on price competitiveness in the era of global value chain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    18. Allan Webster, 1991. "Assessing Fiscal Incentives: An Effective Rate of Protection Analysis of Benin," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 9(3), pages 243-264, September.
    19. Chris Milner, 2013. "Declining Protection in Developing Countries: Fact or Fiction?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(6), pages 689-700, June.
    20. Kym Anderson, 2005. "On the Virtues of Multilateral Trade Negotiations," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 81(255), pages 414-438, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:8:y:2020:i:2:p:43-:d:365947. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.