IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jcommo/v2y2023i2p9-167d1141732.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Longitudinal Principal Component and Cluster Analysis of Azerbaijan’s Agricultural Productivity in Crop Commodities

Author

Listed:
  • Ibrahim Niftiyev

    (International School of Economics and Business, Azerbaijan State Economic University (UNEC), Baku AZ1001, Azerbaijan)

  • Gubad Ibadoghlu

    (London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), University of London, London WC2A 2AE, UK)

Abstract

Understanding long-term agricultural productivity is essential for designing agricultural policies, planning and targeting other economic policies (e.g., industrial policy), and managing agricultural business models. In a developing and oil-rich country such as Azerbaijan, agriculture is among the limited opportunities to diversify oil-based value added and address broad welfare issues, as farmers and agricultural workers account for a large share of total employment and the labor force. However, previous studies have not focused on an empirical assessment of the long-term and subsectoral productivity of crop commodities. Rather, they have used a highly aggregated and short-run perspective, focusing mainly on the impact of the oil sector on agricultural sectors. Here, we applied principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify similarities and differences in the productivity of specific crop commodities (e.g., cotton, tea, grains, tobacco, hay, fruits, and vegetables) between 1950 and 2021. We show that some crops are similar in terms of their variation, growth rates, and transition from the Soviet era to the post-Soviet period. Although the dynamics of change are different for food and non-food crops and for high- and low-productive commodities, it is still possible to narrow down specific subsectors that could reach the same productivity levels. This helps map out the productivity levels of crop commodities over time and across different subsectors, allowing for better policy decisions and resource allocation in the agricultural sector. In addition, we argue about some outlier commodities and their backward status despite extensive government support. Our results provide a common basis for policymakers and businesses to focus specifically on productivity and profitability from an economic standpoint.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim Niftiyev & Gubad Ibadoghlu, 2023. "Longitudinal Principal Component and Cluster Analysis of Azerbaijan’s Agricultural Productivity in Crop Commodities," Commodities, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-21, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcommo:v:2:y:2023:i:2:p:9-167:d:1141732
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2432/2/2/9/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2432/2/2/9/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jayson Beckman & Amanda M. Countryman, 2021. "The Importance of Agriculture in the Economy: Impacts from COVID‐19," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 103(5), pages 1595-1611, October.
    2. Niftiyev Ibrahim, 2021. "Performance Evaluation of the Fruit and Vegetable Subsectors in the Azerbaijani Economy: a Combinatorial Analysis Using Regression and Principal Component Analysis," Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 24(s1), pages 27-47.
    3. Olivier Mahul & Charles J. Stutley, 2010. "Government Support to Agricultural Insurance : Challenges and Options for Developing Countries," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 2432, August.
    4. Marko Sarstedt & Erik Mooi, 2014. "A Concise Guide to Market Research," Springer Texts in Business and Economics, Springer, edition 2, number 978-3-642-53965-7, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Adam Malešević & Dušan Barać & Dragan Soleša & Ema Aleksić & Marijana Despotović-Zrakić, 2021. "Adopting xRM in Higher Education: E-Services Outside the Classroom," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Wagener, Andreas & Zenker, Juliane, 2018. "Decoupled but not neutral: The effects of stochastic transfers on investment and incomes in rural Thailand," TVSEP Working Papers wp-008, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade, Project TVSEP.
    3. Costa Synodinos, 2019. "Environmental purchase behaviour concerns of African Generation Y students in South Africa," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 9912363, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    4. Ashimwe, Olive, 2016. "An Economic Analysis Of Impact Of Weather Index-Based Crop Insurance On Household Income In Huye District Of Rwanda," Research Theses 265675, Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.
    5. Gao, Yixuan & Malone, Trey & Schaefer, K. Aleks & Myers, Robert J., 2023. "Disentangling Short-Run COVID-19 Price Impact Pathways in the US Corn Market," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 48(2), May.
    6. Marzanna Witek-Hajduk & Tomasz Marcin Napiórkowski, 2017. "Manufacturers’ Benefits from Their Cooperation with Key Retailers in the Context of Business Models: A Cluster Analysis," International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, International School for Social and Business Studies, Celje, Slovenia, vol. 6(1), pages 97-114.
    7. Riffat Ara Zannat Tama & Md Mahmudul Hoque & Ying Liu & Mohammad Jahangir Alam & Mark Yu, 2023. "An Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to Examining Farmers’ Behavioral Attitude and Intention towards Conservation Agriculture in Bangladesh," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-22, February.
    8. Shuai Qin & Hong Chen & Tuyen Thi Tran & Haokun Wang, 2022. "Analysis of the Spatial Effect of Capital Misallocation on Agricultural Output—Taking the Main Grain Producing Areas in Northeast China as an Example," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-17, May.
    9. Glauber, Joseph W., 2017. "Agricultural insurance and the WTO:," IFPRI book chapters, in: Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David (ed.), Agriculture, development, and the global trading system: 2000– 2015, chapter 10, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    10. Yong Liu & A. Ford Ramsey, 2023. "Incorporating historical weather information in crop insurance rating," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 105(2), pages 546-575, March.
    11. Ajai Nair & Barry Maher & Qhelile Ndlovu & Andrea Stoppa & Chris Hoveka, 2024. "Namibia Agriculture Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Diagnostic," World Bank Publications - Reports 41086, The World Bank Group.
    12. Hugo Padrón-Ávila & Raúl Hernández-Martín, 2019. "Preventing Overtourism by Identifying the Determinants of Tourists’ Choice of Attractions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(19), pages 1-17, September.
    13. Liu, Li-Jing & Yao, Yun-Fei & Liang, Qiao-Mei & Qian, Xiang-Yan & Xu, Chun-Lei & Wei, Si-Yi & Creutzig, Felix & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2021. "Combining economic recovery with climate change mitigation: A global evaluation of financial instruments," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 438-453.
    14. Md Maruf Hossan Chowdhury & Mohammad Tarikul Islam & Imran Ali & Mohammed Quaddus, 2024. "The role of social capital, resilience, and network complexity in attaining supply chain sustainability," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3), pages 2621-2639, March.
    15. Ng, Wei Keat Benny & Appel-Meulenbroek, Rianne & Cloodt, Myriam & Arentze, Theo, 2019. "Towards a segmentation of science parks: A typology study on science parks in Europe," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3), pages 719-732.
    16. World Bank, 2011. "Enhancing Crop Insurance in India," World Bank Publications - Reports 2748, The World Bank Group.
    17. Wynn, Katherine & Spangenberg, German & Smith, Kevin & Wilson, William, 2017. "Valuing Genetically Modified Traits in Canola Using Real Options," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 42(2), May.
    18. Xieyang Chen & Xingmin Shi, 2021. "Support or against coal mining? Host community perceptions of coal mining: a cluster analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6819-6837, May.
    19. repec:ers:journl:v:xxiv:y:2021:i:special2:p:730-740 is not listed on IDEAS
    20. Goodell, John W. & Ben Jabeur, Sami & Saâdaoui, Foued & Nasir, Muhammad Ali, 2023. "Explainable artificial intelligence modeling to forecast bitcoin prices," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    21. World Bank, 2011. "Kazakhstan : Agricultural Insurance Feasibility Study, Volume 2. Annexes," World Bank Publications - Reports 20780, The World Bank Group.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    agriculture; agricultural economics; Azerbaijan economy; crops; hierarchical cluster analysis; principal components analysis; productivity;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q10 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jcommo:v:2:y:2023:i:2:p:9-167:d:1141732. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.