Effects of Various Herbicide Types and Doses, Tillage Systems, and Nitrogen Rates on CO 2 Emissions from Agricultural Land: A Literature Review

Although herbicides are essential for global agriculture and controlling weeds, they impact soil microbial communities and CO 2 emissions. However, the effects of herbicides, tillage systems, and nitrogen fertilisation on CO 2 emissions under different environmental conditions are poorly understood. This review explores how various agricultural practices and inputs affect CO 2 emissions and addresses the impact of pest-management strategies, tillage systems, and nitrogen fertiliser usage on CO 2 emissions using multiple databases. Key findings indicate that both increased and decreased tendencies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were observed, depending on the herbicide type, dose, soil properties, and application methods. Several studies reported a positive correlation between CO 2 emissions and increased agricultural production. Combining herbicides with other methods effectively controls emissions with minimal chemical inputs. Conservation practices like no-tillage were more effective than conventional tillage in mitigating carbon emissions. Integrated pest management, conservation tillage, and nitrogen fertiliser rate optimisation were shown to reduce herbicide use and soil greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilisers are similarly important; depending on the dosage, they may support yield or harm the soil. Fertiliser benefits are contingent on appropriate management practices for specific soil and field conditions. This review highlights the significance of adaptable management strategies that consider local environmental conditions and can guide future studies and inform policies to promote sustainable agriculture practices worldwide.