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Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Carbon Stocks under Conservation Agricultural Practices in South Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Patrick Nyambo

    (Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X-1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Chiduza Cornelius

    (Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X-1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

  • Tesfay Araya

    (Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X-1314, Alice 5700, South Africa)

Abstract

Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on carbon stocks and CO 2 emission is imperative in order to recommend low emission strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tillage, crop rotation, and residue management on soil CO 2 fluxes, carbon stock, soil temperature, and moisture in the semi-arid conditions in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The field trial was laid out as a split-split-plot design replicated three times. The main plots were tillage viz conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The sub-plots were allocated to crop rotations viz maize–fallow–maize (MFM), maize–oat–maize (MOM), and maize–vetch–maize (MVM). Crop residue management was in the sub-sub plots, viz retention (R+), removal (R−), and biochar (B). There were no significant interactions ( p > 0.05) with respect to the cumulative CO 2 fluxes, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Crop residue retention significantly increased the soil moisture content relative to residue removal, but was not different to biochar application. Soil tilling increased the CO 2 fluxes by approximately 26.3% relative to the NT. The carbon dioxide fluxes were significantly lower in R− (2.04 µmoL m −2 s −1 ) relative to the R+ (2.32 µmoL m −2 s −1) and B treatments (2.36 µmoL m −2 s −1 ). The carbon dioxide fluxes were higher in the summer (October–February) months compared to the winter period (May–July), irrespective of treatment factors. No tillage had a significantly higher carbon stock at the 0-5 cm depth relative to CT. Amending the soils with biochar resulted in significantly lower total carbon stock relative to both R+ and R−. The results of the study show that NT can potentially reduce CO2 fluxes. In the short term, amending soils with biochar did not reduce the CO 2 fluxes compared to R+, however the soil moisture increases were comparable.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Nyambo & Chiduza Cornelius & Tesfay Araya, 2020. "Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Carbon Stocks under Conservation Agricultural Practices in South Africa," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:10:y:2020:i:9:p:374-:d:403480
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yufang Shen & Lixia Zhu & Hongyan Cheng & Shanchao Yue & Shiqing Li, 2017. "Effects of Biochar Application on CO 2 Emissions from a Cultivated Soil under Semiarid Climate Conditions in Northwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-13, August.
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    4. Jizhong Zhou & Ye Deng & Lina Shen & Chongqing Wen & Qingyun Yan & Daliang Ning & Yujia Qin & Kai Xue & Liyou Wu & Zhili He & James W. Voordeckers & Joy D. Van Nostrand & Vanessa Buzzard & Sean T. Mic, 2016. "Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 7(1), pages 1-10, November.
    5. Stacy M. Zuber & Gevan D. Behnke & Emerson D. Nafziger & Maria B. Villamil, 2018. "Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Soil Organic Matter and Microbial Biomass under Long-Term Crop Rotation and Tillage in Illinois, USA," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-12, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Godwin Iloabuchi Nebo & Alen Manyevere & Tesfay Araya & Johan van Tol, 2020. "Short-Term Impact of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Strength and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in the South African Semiarid Areas," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Yerli, Caner & Sahin, Ustun & Oztas, Taskin, 2022. "CO2 emission from soil in silage maize irrigated with wastewater under deficit irrigation in direct sowing practice," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).

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