Road connectivity and contraceptive choices: Empirical evidence from rural India

In this study, we examine the role of rural roads construction in India in influencing women’s use of modern contraceptives. We show that improved road access at the district level leads to increased use of modern contraceptive methods among women living in rural areas. Furthermore, the study reveals a shift in family planning practices from short-acting reversible methods to long-acting reversible methods following infrastructure improvements. Additionally, the results indicate a significant increase in female sterilization due to enhanced accessibility. We observe distinct variations in the use of modern contraceptives among women with higher education, those in high-wealth households, and across different religious and caste groups. Moreover, our study identifies several channels through which rural roads influence these family planning practices. We show that local road improvements enhance women’s year-round employment opportunities, financial autonomy, and decision-making power within households, enabling more informed contraceptive choices. Moreover, last-mile road connectivity reduces the concern about distance as a barrier to accessing healthcare. Additionally, improved local roads increase access to modern contraceptives through private health facilities. Our findings suggest that rural road infrastructure can significantly influence family planning practices among women, shaping their reproductive health choices.