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Lithium mining 3.0: Towards a sustainable technology framework for transforming salt-lake brines into clean energy resources

Author

Listed:
  • Xi, Huijun
  • Yang, Zhendong
  • Liu, Zhenghua
  • Tang, Yang
  • Yang, Sheng
  • Liu, Juanjuan
  • Iwan, Mikolaj
  • Ibrahim, I.A.
  • Yin, Huaqun

Abstract

Lithium (Li) extraction from salt-lake brines has become a central route for sustaining the clean-energy transition because hard-rock mining incurs high energy and environmental costs, whereas recycling remains limited. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of direct Li extraction technologies, covering nanofiltration (NF), solvent extraction, adsorption based on lithium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (Li/Al-LDHs) and manganese or titanium ion sieves, electrodialysis (ED) and bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), and capacitive deionization (CDI). Each technology is analyzed in relation to the characteristics of the brine, including magnesium to lithium ratio (MLR), salinity, and coexisting ion composition. The discussion highlights key technological advances such as the use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, the development of ultrathin polyamide (PA) separation layers, and the incorporation of Li intercalation materials into CDI systems. Among these, CDI and adsorption currently provide the most practical solutions for high magnesium (Mg) brines, while solvent extraction and electrochemical routes show strong potential for lower specific energy consumption per unit of Li produced and more energy-efficient operation. Remaining challenges include validation using natural brines, integration of extraction and regeneration processes, and resource circularity through by-product utilization. By combining mechanistic insights with process level understanding, this review establishes a framework for supporting research and industrial practice toward a stable and environmentally responsible Li supply chain.

Suggested Citation

  • Xi, Huijun & Yang, Zhendong & Liu, Zhenghua & Tang, Yang & Yang, Sheng & Liu, Juanjuan & Iwan, Mikolaj & Ibrahim, I.A. & Yin, Huaqun, 2026. "Lithium mining 3.0: Towards a sustainable technology framework for transforming salt-lake brines into clean energy resources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:230:y:2026:i:c:s1364032126000031
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116704
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