Conditional connection agreements for electric vehicle charging: Review, design, and implementation of solutions for the low-voltage power distribution grid

The ongoing electrification of society is placing increasing pressure on power distribution networks. As demand for new grid connections surges, distribution system operators face increasing challenges in providing network access, often necessitating costly and time-consuming grid reinforcements. These constraints highlight the need for short-term, cost-effective solutions that optimize the use of existing grid capacity while supporting continued electrification. Conditional connection agreements (CCAs) offer a promising mechanism to address this need; however, their deployment has so far been limited, primarily targeting medium- and high-voltage customers. This paper investigates the application of CCAs in the low-voltage grid, with a particular focus on electric vehicle (EV) charging. We first introduce a novel classification of CCA solutions based on the power allocation approach and conduct an in-depth review of the existing, albeit still nascent, EV-related literature. Subsequently, we propose four distinct solutions tailored for the low-voltage grid, developed through a real-world case study conducted in close collaboration with the Danish distribution system operator in the Municipality of Frederiksberg, Denmark. We explore the implementation of each solution, which was demonstrated at two public urban residential charging sites, and present the initial findings. Finally, we outline key implementation challenges and suggest directions for future research.