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Homogeneous acid catalysed transesterification of marine microalga Chlorella sp. BDUG 91771 lipid – An efficient biodiesel yield and its characterization

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  • Mathimani, Thangavel
  • Uma, Lakshmanan
  • Prabaharan, Dharmar

Abstract

An efficient lipid transesterification method for marine microalga Chlorella sp. BDUG 91771 has been ascertained. Among the homogeneous alkali (NaOH), homogeneous acid (H2SO4), heterogeneous alkali (CaO), heterogeneous acid (Fe2(SO4)3) and two-step transesterification methods (NaOH and H2SO4 or H2SO4 and NaOH) tested with 100 mg lipid, 12-ml methanol, 2-h reaction time, reaction temperature 65 ± 1 °C with stirring for 2 h, homogeneous acid catalysis was graded the best and its biodiesel yield was determined to be 45%. Of the different homogeneous acids tested, H2SO4 was regarded seamless. A maximum methyl ester yield of 60% was observed with 3.5% H2SO4, 2.5-h reaction time, which correlated well with the central composite design. Evidently, the spectra of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and GC-FID unveiled that biodiesel from Chlorella sp. BDUG 91771 encompasses fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Gas chromatographic analysis revealed abundant palmitic acid, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid and it also had the desired Degree of Unsaturation (DU) of 56.33, Long Chain Saturated Factor (LCSF) of 1.97 and Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) of −10.51. Further, density, viscosity, specific gravity, pour point, calorific value, acid value, total glycerol and ash content of algal biodiesel accords with the prescribed ASTM and European standard.

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  • Mathimani, Thangavel & Uma, Lakshmanan & Prabaharan, Dharmar, 2015. "Homogeneous acid catalysed transesterification of marine microalga Chlorella sp. BDUG 91771 lipid – An efficient biodiesel yield and its characterization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 523-533.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:81:y:2015:i:c:p:523-533
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.059
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    8. Li, Lu & Zou, Changjun & Zhou, Lu & Lin, Lang, 2017. "Cucurbituril-protected Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 for optimized biodiesel production from waste cooking oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 14-22.
    9. Sooraj Kumar & Suhail Ahmed Soomro & Khanji Harijan & Mohammad Aslam Uqaili & Laveet Kumar, 2023. "Advancements of Biochar-Based Catalyst for Improved Production of Biodiesel: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-20, January.
    10. Cuevas-Castillo, Gabriela A. & Navarro-Pineda, Freddy S. & Baz Rodríguez, Sergio A. & Sacramento Rivero, Julio C., 2020. "Advances on the processing of microalgal biomass for energy-driven biorefineries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    11. El Arroussi, Hicham & Benhima, Redouane & El Mernissi, Najib & Bouhfid, Rachid & Tilsaghani, Chakib & Bennis, Iman & Wahby, Imane, 2017. "Screening of marine microalgae strains from Moroccan coasts for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1515-1522.
    12. Elena Ghedini & Somayeh Taghavi & Federica Menegazzo & Michela Signoretto, 2021. "A Review on the Efficient Catalysts for Algae Transesterification to Biodiesel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-20, September.
    13. Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S. & Harindra, C., 2020. "Analysis of performance and emission characteristics of Waste cooking oil and Chlorella variabilis MK039712.1 biodiesel blends in a single cylinder, four strokes diesel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 284-292.
    14. Vávra, Aleš & Hájek, Martin & Skopal, Frantisek, 2017. "The removal of free fatty acids from methyl ester," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 695-700.
    15. Kuepethkaew, Sakonwat & Sangkharak, Kanokphorn & Benjakul, Soottawat & Klomklao, Sappasith, 2017. "Optimized synthesis of biodiesel using lipase from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 139-147.
    16. Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S., 2021. "Optimization of Chlorella variabilis. MK039712.1 lipid transesterification using Response Surface Methodology and analytical characterization of biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1663-1673.
    17. Anahas, Antonyraj Matharasi Perianaika & Muralitharan, Gangatharan, 2019. "Central composite design (CCD) optimization of phytohormones supplementation for enhanced cyanobacterial biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 749-761.

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