Off-grid shore-to-ship power system optimization with a hydrogen-in-loop buffering scheme driven by hydrokinetic wave-wind energy

The environmentally vulnerable Arctic's harsh climate and remote geography demand innovative green energy solutions. This study introduces a hybrid off-grid system that integrates wave and wind energy with hydrogen-electricity conversion technologies. Designed to power cruise ships at berth, fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles, and residential heating, the system tackles the challenge of energy variability through dual optimization schemes. External optimization identifies a cost-effective architecture, achieving a net present cost of $1.1M and a levelized hydrogen cost of $20.1/kg without a fuel cell. Internal optimizations, employing multi-objective game theory and HYBRID algorithms, further improve performance, reducing the net present cost to $666K with a levelized hydrogen cost of $13.74/kg (game theory) and $729K with a levelized hydrogen of $15.63/kg (HYBRID). A key innovation is hydrokinetic turbines, which streamline the design by cutting cumulative cash flow requirements by $470K, from $1.85M to $1.38M. This approach prioritizes intelligent energy management, shifting reliance from variable wind and wave inputs to optimized electrolyzer and battery operations. These results underscore the feasibility of cost-effective and scalable renewable energy systems and provide a compelling blueprint for addressing energy challenges in remote and resource-constrained environments.