IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v240y2025ics0960148124022195.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Evolution of pore structure and functionalities of activated carbon and phosphorous species in activation of cellulose with H3PO4

Author

Listed:
  • Fan, Mengjiao
  • Shao, Yuewen
  • Wang, Yongqin
  • Sun, Jing
  • He, Huiru
  • Guo, Yunyu
  • Zhang, Shu
  • Wang, Shuang
  • Li, Bin
  • Hu, Xun

Abstract

Not only organic structures but also H3PO4 change can shape pore characteristics of activated carbon (AC) from H3PO4 activation. Herein, evolution of pore structures and functionalities of AC as well as phosphorous species in a wide temperature region was investigated in activation of cellulose with H3PO4. The results indicated that H3PO4 even reacted with cellulose at 60 °C. The reactions were further accelerated from 200 to 700 °C, reducing AC yield while increasing ash yield. Specific surface area of AC was from 433.3 m2/g for AC-200, increased to 1096.4 m2/g for AC-300 and then decreased to 676.8 m2/g for AC-700. H3PO4 was transformed into Hn+2PnO3n+1, H4P2O7, HPO3, P2O5 or PO2 species wrapped with polymeric organics, which tended to be retained and clogged pores. Phosphorous oxides led to merge of micropores, reducing micropore percentage from 64.2 % in AC-200 to 46.8 % in AC-700. Abundant -OH and C=O were observed in AC-200, while dominated dehydration and condensation at 400 °C led to their complete consumption. The formed P-O-P and P-O-C network structure together with oxidation reactions induced with phosphorous species negatively impacted aromatization and formed more C-O-C. AC-400 of more mesopores was superior for tetracycline adsorption, while production of AC-300 showed lower environmental impact.

Suggested Citation

  • Fan, Mengjiao & Shao, Yuewen & Wang, Yongqin & Sun, Jing & He, Huiru & Guo, Yunyu & Zhang, Shu & Wang, Shuang & Li, Bin & Hu, Xun, 2025. "Evolution of pore structure and functionalities of activated carbon and phosphorous species in activation of cellulose with H3PO4," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:240:y:2025:i:c:s0960148124022195
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.122151
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124022195
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2024.122151?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jiang, Changle & Yakaboylu, Gunes A. & Yumak, Tugrul & Zondlo, John W. & Sabolsky, Edward M. & Wang, Jingxin, 2020. "Activated carbons prepared by indirect and direct CO2 activation of lignocellulosic biomass for supercapacitor electrodes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 38-52.
    2. Yahya, Mohd Adib & Al-Qodah, Z. & Ngah, C.W. Zanariah, 2015. "Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 218-235.
    3. Xu, Jun & Liu, Jiawei & Ling, Peng & Zhang, Xin & Xu, Kai & He, Limo & Wang, Yi & Su, Sheng & Hu, Song & Xiang, Jun, 2020. "Raman spectroscopy of biochar from the pyrolysis of three typical Chinese biomasses: A novel method for rapidly evaluating the biochar property," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    4. Li, Chao & Sun, Yifan & Dong, Dehua & Gao, Guanggang & Zhang, Shu & Wang, Yi & Xiang, Jun & Hu, Song & Mortaza, Gholizadeh & Hu, Xun, 2021. "Co-pyrolysis of cellulose/lignin and sawdust: Influence of secondary condensation of the volatiles on characteristics of biochar," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zheng, Kaiyue & Hu, Song & Gong, Zhijie & Jia, Mengchuan & Xu, Kai & Xu, Jun & Jiang, Long & Wang, Yi & Su, Sheng & Xiang, Jun, 2025. "Interaction among cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin during pressurized pyrolysis: Importance of deoxygenation and aromatization reactions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    2. Qin, Liyuan & Wu, Yang & Jiang, Enchen, 2022. "In situ template preparation of porous carbon materials that are derived from swine manure and have ordered hierarchical nanopore structures for energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    3. Bhowmick, Sundipan & Das, Swati & Kumar, Ravi Ranjan & Ghangrekar, Makarand M. & Sen, Ramkrishna, 2024. "A simple synthesis of bio-based cathode catalyst of microbial fuel cell with bio-oil recovery through pyrolysis of defatted yeast-biomass," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    4. Yousef, Samy & Eimontas, Justas & Striūgas, Nerijus & Abdelnaby, Mohammed Ali, 2022. "Gasification kinetics of char derived from metallised food packaging plastics waste pyrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    5. Xu, Xiaodong & Sielicki, Krzysztof & Min, Jiakang & Li, Jiaxin & Hao, Chuncheng & Wen, Xin & Chen, Xuecheng & Mijowska, Ewa, 2022. "One-step converting biowaste wolfberry fruits into hierarchical porous carbon and its application for high-performance supercapacitors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 187-195.
    6. Jiang, Xu & Xu, Jun & He, Qichen & Wang, Cong & Jiang, Long & Xu, Kai & Wang, Yi & Su, Sheng & Hu, Song & Du, Zhenyi & Xiang, Jun, 2023. "A study of the relationships between coal heterogeneous chemical structure and pyrolysis behaviours: Mechanism and predicting model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    7. Li, Chao & Sun, Yifan & Yi, Zijun & Zhang, Lijun & Zhang, Shu & Hu, Xun, 2022. "Co-pyrolysis of coke bottle wastes with cellulose, lignin and sawdust: Impacts of the mixed feedstock on char properties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 1126-1139.
    8. Cui, Longfei & Zhang, Yaning & Shi, Ce & Zhao, Wenke & Li, Bingxi, 2024. "Describing the microwave heating performances of the main constitutes of biomass," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    9. Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo & Osumanu Haruna Ahmed & Nik Muhamad Nik Majid & Zakry Fitri Abd Aziz, 2021. "Pineapple Residue Ash Reduces Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on Tropical Peat Soils at Saratok, Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-23, January.
    10. Ozpinar, Pelin & Dogan, Ceren & Demiral, Hakan & Morali, Ugur & Erol, Salim & Samdan, Canan & Yildiz, Derya & Demiral, Ilknur, 2022. "Activated carbons prepared from hazelnut shell waste by phosphoric acid activation for supercapacitor electrode applications and comprehensive electrochemical analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 535-548.
    11. Radosław Kwarciany & Marcin Fiedur & Bogdan Saletnik, 2024. "Opportunities and Threats for Supercapacitor Technology Based on Biochar—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-18, September.
    12. Benítez, Almudena & Amaro-Gahete, Juan & Chien, Yu-Chuan & Caballero, Álvaro & Morales, Julián & Brandell, Daniel, 2022. "Recent advances in lithium-sulfur batteries using biomass-derived carbons as sulfur host," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    13. Gao, Guoming & Hu, Xun & Shao, Yuewen & Li, Chao & Chen, Qifeng & Zhang, Lijun & Gao, Wenran & Ding, Kuan & Huang, Yong & Zhang, Shu, 2024. "Distinct responses of feedstocks of varied origin in oxidative pyrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    14. Gomes, Gustavo R. & de Jesus, Ester G. & Jacintho, Jaqueline C.C. & García, Diana L.G. & Alencar, Bárbara R.A. & Gabetto, Fernanda P. & Gomes, Joice J. & Carvalho, João L.N. & Strauss, Mathias & Driem, 2025. "Peculiarities of bio-oil and biochar obtained from the lignin-rich residue of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    15. Al-Sharafi, Abdullah & Sahin, Ahmet Z. & Ayar, Tahir & Yilbas, Bekir S., 2017. "Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 33-49.
    16. Ni, Zhanshi & Bi, Haobo & Jiang, Chunlong & Sun, Hao & Zhou, Wenliang & Qiu, Zhicong & He, Liqun & Lin, Qizhao, 2022. "Research on the co-pyrolysis of coal slime and lignin based on the combination of TG-FTIR, artificial neural network, and principal component analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    17. Lang, Sen & Zhang, Shouyu & Zhou, Yi & Yang, Jifan & Liu, Simeng & Zhang, Xingjia & Chen, Xuyang & Lyu, Bangyong & Liang, Ning, 2024. "Research on the hot densification mechanism of biomass wastes based on molecular dynamics simulation and components adjustment method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    18. Thoharudin, & Hsiau, Shu-San & Chen, Yi-Shun & Yang, Shouyin, 2023. "Design optimization of fluidized bed pyrolysis for energy and exergy analysis using a simplified comprehensive multistep kinetic model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    19. Nur’aini, Anafi & Laasonen, Emma & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Koiranen, Tuomas & Kauranen, Pertti & Ahola, Jero, 2025. "Comparative analysis of molten salt electrolytes for solid carbon production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    20. Fan, Xu-dong & Wu, Yu-jian & Tu, Ren & Sun, Yan & Jiang, En-chen & Xu, Xi-wei, 2020. "Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol via rice husk char supported Ni based catalysts: The influence of char supports," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 1035-1045.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:240:y:2025:i:c:s0960148124022195. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.