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Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties

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  • Machacek, Erika
  • Richter, Jessika Luth
  • Habib, Komal
  • Klossek, Polina

Abstract

Rare earth element (REE) recycling remains low at 1%, despite significant uncertainties related to future supply and demand and EU 2020 energy efficiency objectives. We use a global production network framework of REE flows from mine to REE phosphors in energy-efficient lamps to illustrate the potential of closed-loop recycling for secondary supply under different scenarios of primary supply and forecasted demand for LEDs, CFLs and LFLs. We find that different End-of-Life Recycling Rate scenarios for REE secondary supply range between meeting forecasted REE demand and filling primary supply gaps, and competing with primary supply. Our argument centres on diversifying REE sourcing with recycling and the choice between primary and secondary supply. We stress that secondary REE phosphor supply requires further policy support for lamp collection and a discussion of the value of REE phosphor recycling which underlies its economic feasibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Machacek, Erika & Richter, Jessika Luth & Habib, Komal & Klossek, Polina, 2015. "Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 104(PA), pages 76-93.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:recore:v:104:y:2015:i:pa:p:76-93
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.005
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    4. Mizanur Rahman, S.M. & Kim, Junbeum & Lerondel, Gilles & Bouzidi, Youcef & Nomenyo, Komla & Clerget, Laure, 2017. "Missing research focus in end-of-life management of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 256-258.
    5. Li, Baihua & Li, Huajiao & Dong, Zhiliang & Lu, Yu & Liu, Nairong & Hao, Xiaoqing, 2021. "The global copper material trade network and risk evaluation: A industry chain perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    6. Vahidi, Ehsan & Navarro, Julio & Zhao, Fu, 2016. "An initial life cycle assessment of rare earth oxides production from ion-adsorption clays," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-11.
    7. Keilhacker, Michael L. & Minner, Stefan, 2017. "Supply chain risk management for critical commodities: A system dynamics model for the case of the rare earth elements," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 349-362.
    8. Schulze, Rita & Buchert, Matthias, 2016. "Estimates of global REE recycling potentials from NdFeB magnet material," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 12-27.
    9. Alexandra Leader & Gabrielle Gaustad, 2019. "Critical Material Applications and Intensities in Clean Energy Technologies," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 1(1), pages 1-21, August.

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