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A systemic approach to the problems of the rare earth market

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  • Klossek, Polina
  • Kullik, Jakob
  • van den Boogaart, Karl Gerald

Abstract

China’s dominance of the rare earth market has been raising issues of major concern since 2010. Reduced export quotas and consecutive price peaks led to fears concerning supply security. Forward integration is shifting the rare earth-dependent high-technology value chain to China. China’s export embargo to Japan showed the world the strategic relevance of its economic dependence on China’s rare earth products. Despite multiple political and industrial efforts outside China, it has not been possible to diminish the dependence on China, e.g. by building up an independent rare earth supply chain. We think that this is prevented by systemic problems of the rare earth market. This paper examines these distortions of the rare earth market with a systemic approach. Problems are identified and structured qualitatively in order to expose their economic and political connections. The systemic problems are (1) competing political-economic models, (2) resource nationalism, (3) market opacity, (4) a lack of trust, (5) weak cooperation and (6) short-versus long-term approaches and profit orientation. These problems are interconnected and amplify each other. In this context, the potential of four solutions to influence the rare earth market system is discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Klossek, Polina & Kullik, Jakob & van den Boogaart, Karl Gerald, 2016. "A systemic approach to the problems of the rare earth market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 131-140.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:50:y:2016:i:c:p:131-140
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.09.005
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    2. Riesgo García, María Victoria & Krzemień, Alicja & Manzanedo del Campo, Miguel Ángel & Menéndez Álvarez, Mario & Gent, Malcolm Richard, 2017. "Rare earth elements mining investment: It is not all about China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 66-76.
    3. repec:hal:wpaper:halshs-04126172 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Hou, Wenyu & Liu, Huifang & Wang, Hui & Wu, Fengyang, 2018. "Structure and patterns of the international rare earths trade: A complex network analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 133-142.
    5. Sabine Langkau & Martin Erdmann, 2021. "Environmental impacts of the future supply of rare earths for magnet applications," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(4), pages 1034-1050, August.
    6. Nikolay Yurevich Samsonov, 2018. "Global Chains of Supply of Rare-Earth and Rare Metals as High-Tech Raw Materials Within the Framework of International Industrial Cooperation," Spatial Economics=Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika, Economic Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (Khabarovsk, Russia), issue 3, pages 43-66.
    7. Guo, Qing & You, Wenlan, 2023. "A comprehensive evaluation of the international competitiveness of strategic minerals in China, Australia, Russia and India: The case of rare earths," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    8. Xia, Qifan & Du, Debin & Cao, Wanpeng & Li, Xiya, 2023. "Who is the core? Reveal the heterogeneity of global rare earth trade structure from the perspective of industrial chain," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    9. Behnaz Minooei Fard & Willi Semmler & Giovanni Di Bartolomeo, 2023. "Rare Earth Elements: A game between China and the rest of the world," Working Papers in Public Economics 235, University of Rome La Sapienza, Department of Economics and Law.
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