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Non-marketability and the value of employee stock options

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  • Abudy, Menachem
  • Benninga, Simon

Abstract

We adapt the Benninga et al. (2005) framework to value employee stock options (ESOs). The model quantifies non-diversification effects, is computationally simple, and provides an endogenous explanation of ESO early-exercise. Using a proprietary dataset of ESO exercise events we measure the non-marketability ESO discount. We find that the ESO value on the grant date is approximately 45% of a similar plain vanilla Black–Scholes value. The model is aligned with empirical findings of ESOs, gives an exercise boundary of ESOs and can serve as an approximation to the fair value estimation of share-based employee and executive compensation. Using the model we give a numerical measure of non-diversification in an imperfect market.

Suggested Citation

  • Abudy, Menachem & Benninga, Simon, 2013. "Non-marketability and the value of employee stock options," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5500-5510.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:37:y:2013:i:12:p:5500-5510
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.022
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Susana Alvarez-Diez & J. Samuel Baixauli-Soler & Maria Belda-Ruiz, 2016. "Early Exercise Behaviour in Performance-vested Stock Option Grants," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 17(1), pages 55-78, May.
    2. Izhakian, Yehuda & Yermack, David, 2017. "Risk, ambiguity, and the exercise of employee stock options," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(1), pages 65-85.
    3. Abudy, Menachem (Meni) & Benninga, Simon, 2016. "Valuing restricted stock grants to non-executive employees," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 33-51.
    4. Abudy, Menachem & Benninga, Simon & Shust, Efrat, 2016. "The cost of equity for private firms," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 431-443.
    5. (Meni) Abudy, Menachem & Binsky, Hadar & Raviv, Alon, 2018. "The effect of liquidity on non-marketable securities," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 139-144.
    6. Sang Cheol Lee & Jaewan Park & Mooweon Rhee & Yunkeun Lee, 2018. "Moderating Effects of Agency Problems and Monitoring Systems on the Relationship between Executive Stock Option and Audit Fees: Evidence from Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-24, November.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Employee stock options; Under pricing; Non-marketability;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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