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Citizen forecasting in a mixed electoral system

Author

Listed:
  • Leininger, Arndt
  • Murr, Andreas E.
  • Stötzer, Lukas
  • Kayser, Mark A.

Abstract

Existing studies show that aggregating citizens’ expectations about who will win can predict election outcomes in a majoritarian system. But can so-called citizen forecasting also successfully predict outcomes in mixed-member systems, where constituency results are less important? The existing evidence is mixed and limited in scope. We conducted, therefore, a citizen forecast of the 2021 German federal election by administering an original survey asking citizens who they thought would win in their constituency, what share of the vote each candidate would win in their constituency, and what share of the vote each party would win nationally. Citizens predicted constituency winners and vote shares more accurately than several benchmarks. However, our citizen forecast was based on a non-representative sample from an online-access panel. We conclude that citizen forecasting provides a simple and inexpensive way to predict the various relevant outcomes in mixed-member elections.

Suggested Citation

  • Leininger, Arndt & Murr, Andreas E. & Stötzer, Lukas & Kayser, Mark A., 2026. "Citizen forecasting in a mixed electoral system," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 203-215.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:42:y:2026:i:1:p:203-215
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2025.03.007
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    References listed on IDEAS

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