IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v324y2025ics036054422501641x.html

Dynamic modeling and analysis of PV-Wind/Fuel Cell/TEG hybrid system including metal hydride tank for hydrogen upgrading

Author

Listed:
  • Hajji, M.
  • El Alem, H.
  • Labrim, H.
  • Benyoussef, A.
  • Benchrifa, R.
  • Mounkachi, O.

Abstract

This study aims to optimize a hybrid green energy system for computing center needs by integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, a desalination unit, an electrolyzer, and fuel cells (FC). Particular attention is given to the integration of thermoelectric generators (TEG) and the evaluation of different hydrogen storage options, with a focus on metal hydrides. The system utilizes excess PV power to produce green hydrogen via electrolysis, which is then used by the FC to supply energy during nighttime. The dynamic model, developed using MATLAB/Simulink, incorporates a thermal loss management and recovery process, assessing TEG integration for energy conversion. The results reveal two key findings. Firstly, metal hydrides offer superior capacity and safety compared to high-pressure storage, allowing the same quantity of hydrogen to be stored at 5 bar in a metal hydride tank versus 11 bar in a high-pressure system. Hydrogen stored during excess PV generation (370 mol) sustains FC operation for 5 h at 2400 W. Secondly, while thermal losses in the hybrid system are significant, TEGs provide only limited additional power. Overall, this study highlights the potential of hybrid energy systems based on hydrogen to enhance sustainability and efficiency for high-demand applications such as computing centers.

Suggested Citation

  • Hajji, M. & El Alem, H. & Labrim, H. & Benyoussef, A. & Benchrifa, R. & Mounkachi, O., 2025. "Dynamic modeling and analysis of PV-Wind/Fuel Cell/TEG hybrid system including metal hydride tank for hydrogen upgrading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:324:y:2025:i:c:s036054422501641x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135999
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422501641X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135999?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Faddouli, A. & Labrim, H. & Fadili, S. & Habchi, A. & Hartiti, B. & Benaissa, M. & Hajji, M. & EZ-Zahraouy, H. & Ntsoenzok, E. & Benyoussef, A., 2020. "Numerical analysis and performance investigation of new hybrid system integrating concentrated solar flat plate collector with a thermoelectric generator system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 2077-2090.
    2. Jia, Chunchun & Zhou, Jiaming & He, Hongwen & Li, Jianwei & Wei, Zhongbao & Li, Kunang & Shi, Man, 2023. "A novel energy management strategy for hybrid electric bus with fuel cell health and battery thermal- and health-constrained awareness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    3. Hachmi Ben Ameur & Xuyuan Han & Zhenya Liu & Jonathan Peillex, 2022. "When did global warming start? A new baseline for carbon budgeting," Post-Print hal-04077724, HAL.
    4. Neshat, Mehdi & Nezhad, Meysam Majidi & Abbasnejad, Ehsan & Mirjalili, Seyedali & Groppi, Daniele & Heydari, Azim & Tjernberg, Lina Bertling & Astiaso Garcia, Davide & Alexander, Bradley & Shi, Qinfen, 2021. "Wind turbine power output prediction using a new hybrid neuro-evolutionary method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    5. Ameur, Hachmi Ben & Han, Xuyuan & Liu, Zhenya & Peillex, Jonathan, 2022. "When did global warming start? A new baseline for carbon budgeting," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    6. Martinez Lopez, V.A. & Ziar, H. & Haverkort, J.W. & Zeman, M. & Isabella, O., 2023. "Dynamic operation of water electrolyzers: A review for applications in photovoltaic systems integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    7. Luta, Doudou N. & Raji, Atanda K., 2019. "Optimal sizing of hybrid fuel cell-supercapacitor storage system for off-grid renewable applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 530-540.
    8. Khan, Yasir & Oubaih, Hana & Elgourrami, Fatima Zahra, 2022. "The effect of renewable energy sources on carbon dioxide emissions: Evaluating the role of governance, and ICT in Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 752-763.
    9. Rabanal, Arkaitz & Smith, Andrew Macmillan & Ahaotu, Chiagoro Chinonyerem & Tedeschi, Elisabetta, 2024. "Energy storage systems for services provision in offshore wind farms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    10. KC, Anup & Whale, Jonathan & Peinke, Joachim, 2021. "An investigation of the impact of turbulence intermittency on the rotor loads of a small wind turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 582-597.
    11. Wang, Huaiyu & Wang, Xin & Ge, Yunshan & Wang, Shuofeng & Yang, Jinxin & Ji, Changwei, 2025. "Analyzing the impact of hydrogen direct injection parameters on flow field and combustion characteristics in Wankel rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    12. Chong, Shijia & Wu, Jing & Chang, I-Shin, 2024. "Cost accounting and economic competitiveness evaluation of photovoltaic power generation in China —— based on the system levelized cost of electricity," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Jingwen & Wang, Zhe & Li, Shilin & Zhao, Bingchu & Ji, Yulong & Han, Fenghui, 2026. "Dynamic electro-thermal-gas multi-physics attribution and optimization of PEMFC–LaNi5 coupled system for ship auxiliary power units," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    2. Zhong, Fanghao & Ai, Tianchao & Zhao, Jianghan & Qu, Ming & Liu, Zhuo & Wei, Xiang & Song, Yangfan & Chen, Hongwei, 2025. "Significantly enhanced temperature uniformity and prolonging lifespan in a novel concentrated photovoltaic/liquid-flow ionic thermocell hybrid system through tapered-channel thermal management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    3. Ma, Yanyang & Wu, Xiaogang & Chen, Yu & Du, Jiuyu & Wang, Yaodong, 2026. "Cost-effectiveness of reversible and conventional solid oxide electrolyzers in electricity-hydrogen integrated energy replenishment systems: A case study from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ye, Huiying & Liao, Hua & Zheng, Guoliang & Peng, Ying, 2024. "Industrialization, environmental externality, and climate mitigation strategies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    2. Renzo Seminario-Córdova & Raúl Rojas-Ortega, 2023. "Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Production: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Last Five Years," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, July.
    3. Jianxin Chang, 2025. "The impact of digitalization on low-carbon transition in China: the moderating role of dual development targets," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(11), pages 25841-25866, November.
    4. Qinguo Zhang & Xiaojian Liu, 2022. "Optimization of the Quality of the Automatic Transmission Shift and the Power Transmission Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-15, June.
    5. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Umlai, Mohamed, 2023. "ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    6. Mahsa Dehghan Manshadi & Milad Mousavi & M. Soltani & Amir Mosavi & Levente Kovacs, 2022. "Deep Learning for Modeling an Offshore Hybrid Wind–Wave Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-16, December.
    7. Ning, Jiajun & Xiong, Lixin, 2024. "Analysis of the dynamic evolution process of the digital transformation of renewable energy enterprises based on the cooperative and evolutionary game model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    8. Obu Samson Showers & Sunetra Chowdhury, 2025. "Optimal Design and Cost–Benefit Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Plant with Hybrid Energy Storage for Off-Grid Healthcare Facilities with High Refrigeration Loads," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-27, August.
    9. Amin, Azka & bte Mohamed Yusoff, Nora Yusma & Peng, Sun & Magazzino, Cosimo & Sharif, Arshian & Kamran, Hafiz Waqas, 2025. "Driving sustainable development: The impact of energy transition, eco-innovation, mineral resources, and green growth on carbon emissions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    10. Yuan, Xingzhi & Wei, Yanji & Yang, Hongxing, 2025. "Does the ocean have better suitability for wind–solar energy complementarity than land? A regional study in East Asia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    11. Xingxing Wang & Jiaying Ji & Junyi Li & Zhou Zhao & Hongjun Ni & Yu Zhu, 2025. "Review and Outlook of Fuel Cell Power Systems for Commercial Vehicles, Buses, and Heavy Trucks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-30, July.
    12. Al-Ghussain, Loiy & Lu, Zifeng & Alrbai, Mohammad & Al-Dahidi, Sameer & He, Xin & Elgowainy, Amgad & Wang, Michael, 2025. "Global techno-economic and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions assessment of solar and wind based renewable hydrogen production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 401(PA).
    13. Zhou, Shiqi & Lin, Meng & He, Jun & Wu, Yuzeng & Wang, Xu, 2025. "Unsupervised clustering research of nuclear power plants under unlabeled unknown fault diagnosis scenario," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    14. Zhang, Chaobo & Sun, Jie & Qiao, Yang & Wei, Jinjia, 2024. "Design, off-design and operation study of concentrating solar power system with calcium-looping thermochemical energy storage and photovoltaic-driven compressed CO2 energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    15. Pedrayes, Joaquín F. & Melero, Manuel G. & Cano, Jose M. & Norniella, Joaquín G. & Duque, Salvador B. & Rojas, Carlos H. & Orcajo, Gonzalo A., 2021. "Lambert W function based closed-form expressions of supercapacitor electrical variables in constant power applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    16. Tomás R. Pires & João F. P. Fernandes & Paulo J. Costa Branco, 2024. "Driving Profile Optimization for Energy Management in the Formula Student Técnico Prototype," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-22, December.
    17. Lin, Boqiang & Ullah, Sami, 2023. "Towards the goal of going green: Do green growth and innovation matter for environmental sustainability in Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    18. Yang, Mao & Wang, Da & Zhang, Wei & Yv, Xinnan, 2024. "A centralized power prediction method for large-scale wind power clusters based on dynamic graph neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    19. Khan, Yasir & Hassan, Taimoor & Guiqin, Huang & Nabi, Ghulam, 2023. "Analyzing the impact of natural resources and rule of law on sustainable environment: A proposed policy framework for BRICS economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    20. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping & Yuan, Zihao, 2023. "Is information and communication technology a driver for renewable energy?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:324:y:2025:i:c:s036054422501641x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.