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In-depth study of gas-solid jet and formation mechanisms during thermal runaway in ternary lithium-ion batteries

Author

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  • Huang, Yuqi
  • Xu, Yingying
  • Zhang, Pengfei
  • Chen, Haipeng
  • Huang, Rui

Abstract

The thermal runaway (TR) of high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents significant safety risks, yet the comprehensive mechanisms driving gas-solid jet formation and their evolution during TR remain poorly understood. This study employs advanced particle image velocimetry (PIV) to capture, for the first time, the transient evolution of two jet emissions during the TR process of 18650 ternary LIBs. Through systematically analyzing the TR ejection behavior of NCM811 and NCM111 batteries, a comprehensive analytical framework integrating gas-solid coupling formation and jet dynamics is established, aligning jet phenomena with internal chain reactions. Results show that NCM111 transitions from a membrane rupture flow to a mist flow, while NCM811 consistently exhibits a high-velocity, high-intensity mist flow. Gas analysis reveals that increasing the state of charge (SOC) reduces CO2 concentration while elevating CO, H2, and C2H4 levels, indicating more severe incomplete combustion in NCM811. Additionally, particle size distribution follows a trimodal pattern in NCM111 and a bimodal pattern in NCM811. By systematically comparing the jet behavior, combustion modes, and safety risks of high-nickel and low-nickel systems and correlating these differences with distinct internal reaction mechanisms, this study provides critical data to enhance battery safety design and improve TR propagation prediction models.

Suggested Citation

  • Huang, Yuqi & Xu, Yingying & Zhang, Pengfei & Chen, Haipeng & Huang, Rui, 2025. "In-depth study of gas-solid jet and formation mechanisms during thermal runaway in ternary lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:324:y:2025:i:c:s036054422501624x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135982
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