IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v315y2025ics0360544224040854.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effects of explosive power and self mass on venting efficiency of vent panels used in lithium-ion battery energy storage stations

Author

Listed:
  • Chu, Zhang
  • Wei, Li
  • Lili, Liu
  • Beibei, Li
  • Xiumei, Liu
  • Pengjie, Zhu
  • Hao, Song

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in the field of energy storage. However, the combustible gases generated during thermal runaway events of batteries may lead to explosion. The latest NFPA 855–2023 requires that lithium-ion energy storage stations (Li-BESS) larger than 20 kWh must install explosion protection devices. The vent panel is the preferred protection device for Li-BESS. In this study, the motion equation of the vent panel was derived. The test platform equipped with high-speed data acquisition system was established. The results indicate that the explosive power and the mass of vent panel are two primary factors affecting the venting efficiency. As the explosive power increases, the venting efficiency gradually decreases, reaching only 50 % at a hydrogen concentration of 23 %. Reducing the mass of vent panel can enhance venting efficiency. At opening process, exist an angle that gas production - venting rate achieve equilibrium, and the internal pressure reach its peak. Greater explosive power requires a larger equilibrium angle, while increased mass results in lower acceleration. These factors cause the vent panel to take more time to reach equilibrium angle. Consequently, combustion products cannot expel promptly, leading to higher internal pressure and ultimately lower venting efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Chu, Zhang & Wei, Li & Lili, Liu & Beibei, Li & Xiumei, Liu & Pengjie, Zhu & Hao, Song, 2025. "Effects of explosive power and self mass on venting efficiency of vent panels used in lithium-ion battery energy storage stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:315:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224040854
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.134307
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544224040854
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2024.134307?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Haimin & Shi, Weijie & Hu, Feng & Wang, Yufei & Hu, Xuebin & Li, Huanqi, 2021. "Over-heating triggered thermal runaway behavior for lithium-ion battery with high nickel content in positive electrode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    2. Yu, Shiwei & Zhou, Shuangshuang & Chen, Nan, 2024. "Multi-objective optimization of capacity and technology selection for provincial energy storage in China: The effects of peak-shifting and valley-filling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    3. Samimi, Fereshteh & Babapoor, Aziz & Azizi, Mohammadmehdi & Karimi, Gholamreza, 2016. "Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 355-371.
    4. Jia, Zhuangzhuang & Song, Laifeng & Mei, Wenxin & Yu, Yin & Meng, Xiangdong & Jin, Kaiqiang & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2022. "The preload force effect on the thermal runaway and venting behaviors of large-format prismatic LiFePO4 batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    5. Meng, L.Y. & Wang, G.F. & See, K.W. & Wang, Y.P. & Zhang, Y. & Zang, C.Y. & Li, S. & Xie, B., 2023. "Explosion characteristic of CH4–H2-Air mixtures vented by encapsulated large-scale Li-ion battery under thermal runaway," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    6. Meng, Lingyu & See, K.W. & Wang, Guofa & Wang, Yunpeng & Zhang, Yong & Zang, Caiyun & Xie, Bin, 2022. "Explosion-proof lithium-ion battery pack – In-depth investigation and experimental study on the design criteria," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    7. Qin, Peng & Jia, Zhuangzhuang & Wu, Jingyun & Jin, Kaiqiang & Duan, Qiangling & Jiang, Lihua & Sun, Jinhua & Ding, Jinghu & Shi, Cheng & Wang, Qingsong, 2022. "The thermal runaway analysis on LiFePO4 electrical energy storage packs with different venting areas and void volumes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wei, Gang & Huang, Ranjun & Zhang, Guangxu & Jiang, Bo & Zhu, Jiangong & Guo, Yangyang & Han, Guangshuai & Wei, Xuezhe & Dai, Haifeng, 2023. "A comprehensive insight into the thermal runaway issues in the view of lithium-ion battery intrinsic safety performance and venting gas explosion hazards," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    2. Guo, Shanshan & Yang, Ruixin & Shen, Weixiang & Liu, Yongsheng & Guo, Shenggang, 2022. "DC-AC hybrid rapid heating method for lithium-ion batteries at high state of charge operated from low temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    3. Zhou, Hanwei & Alujjage, Anuththara S. & Terese, Maria & Fear, Conner & Joshi, Tapesh & Rikka, Vallabha Rao & Jeevarajan, Judith A. & Mukherjee, Partha P., 2025. "Effect of fast charging on degradation and safety characteristics of lithium-ion batteries with LiFePO4 cathodes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PA).
    4. Wang, Peiben & Xu, Chengshan & Huang, Jingru & Zhang, Mengqi & Jiang, Fachao & Feng, Xuning, 2025. "Experimental and simulation study on internal thermal runaway development drives venting and flammable gas risk evaluate of Lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 385(C).
    5. Li, Kuijie & Gao, Xinlei & Wang, Shengshi & Peng, Shijian & Zhang, Weixin & Wu, Weixiong & Wang, Huizhi & Liu, Peng & Han, Xuebing & Cao, Yuan-cheng & Wen, Jinyu & Cheng, Shijie & Ouyang, Minggao, 2024. "Comparative analysis of multidimensional signals evolution in prismatic and pouch LiFePO4 batteries under thermal abuse," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    6. Huang, Yuqi & Xu, Yingying & Zhang, Pengfei & Chen, Haipeng & Huang, Rui, 2025. "In-depth study of gas-solid jet and formation mechanisms during thermal runaway in ternary lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    7. Mohammed, Abubakar Gambo & Elfeky, Karem Elsayed & Wang, Qiuwang, 2022. "Recent advancement and enhanced battery performance using phase change materials based hybrid battery thermal management for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    8. Jiang, Z.Y. & Qu, Z.G., 2019. "Lithium–ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge–charge cycle: A comprehensive numerical study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 378-392.
    9. Zhang, Yue & Song, Laifeng & Tian, Jiamin & Mei, Wenxin & Jiang, Lihua & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2024. "Modeling the propagation of internal thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    10. Rahimi, Elnaz & Babapoor, Aziz & Moradi, Gholamreza & Kalantari, Saba & Monazzam Esmaeelpour, Mohammadreza, 2024. "Personal cooling garments and phase change materials: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PB).
    11. Hong Shi & Mengmeng Cheng & Yi Feng & Chenghui Qiu & Caiyue Song & Nenglin Yuan & Chuanzhi Kang & Kaijie Yang & Jie Yuan & Yonghao Li, 2023. "Thermal Management Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Phase Change Materials: A Systematic Review and Prospective Recommendations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, January.
    12. Li, Yifan & Jiang, Chen & Zhao, Chenggong & Zhu, Dahai & Wang, Lingling & Xie, Huaqing & Yu, Wei, 2025. "A comprehensive review for the heat traceability in lithium-ion batteries: From generation and transfer to thermal management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    13. Suresh, C. & Awasthi, Abhishek & Kumar, Binit & Im, Seong-kyun & Jeon, Yongseok, 2025. "Advances in battery thermal management for electric vehicles: A comprehensive review of hybrid PCM-metal foam and immersion cooling technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    14. Zhang, Furen & Lu, Fu & Liang, Beibei & Zhu, Yilin & Gou, Huan & Xiao, Kang & He, Yanxiao, 2023. "Thermal performance analysis of a new type of branch-fin enhanced battery thermal management PCM module," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1049-1063.
    15. Jun Wang & Lin Ruan & Ruiwei Li, 2022. "Parametric Investigation on the Electrical-Thermal Performance of Battery Modules with a Pumped Two-Phase Cooling System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-18, October.
    16. Fan, Zhaohui & Gao, Renjing & Liu, Shutian, 2022. "Thermal conductivity enhancement and thermal saturation elimination designs of battery thermal management system for phase change materials based on triply periodic minimal surface," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    17. Kai Chen & Ligong Yang & Yiming Chen & Bingheng Wu & Mengxuan Song, 2024. "Efficient Design of Battery Thermal Management Systems for Improving Cooling Performance and Reducing Pressure Drop," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-14, May.
    18. Zhang, Jiangyun & Shao, Dan & Jiang, Liqin & Zhang, Guoqing & Wu, Hongwei & Day, Rodney & Jiang, Wenzhao, 2022. "Advanced thermal management system driven by phase change materials for power lithium-ion batteries: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    19. Jia, Zhuangzhuang & Song, Laifeng & Mei, Wenxin & Yu, Yin & Meng, Xiangdong & Jin, Kaiqiang & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong, 2022. "The preload force effect on the thermal runaway and venting behaviors of large-format prismatic LiFePO4 batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    20. Li, Min & Mu, Boyuan, 2019. "Effect of different dimensional carbon materials on the properties and application of phase change materials: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 695-715.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:315:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224040854. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.