A comprehensive audit framework for rural photovoltaic systems: On-site insights and key findings from Brazil

Ensuring regulatory compliance, safety, and optimizing energy production in solar photovoltaic (PV) plants requires robust and scalable audit methodologies. This paper introduces a comprehensive audit framework for rural PV systems, developed through the on-site evaluation of 40 systems spanning over 150,000 km2 in southern Brazil. The proposed framework employs a 59-criteria checklist covering eight critical dimensions, including structure integrity, electrical protections, labeling, monitoring, and maintenance practices. By integrating on-site visual inspections with system owner interviews, the methodology provides a holistic assessment of performance and operational compliance. Key findings highlight significant design inefficiencies, with only 15.4% of ground-mounted systems achieved both optimal tilt and orientation. Rooftop installations exhibited wide azimuthal deviations, mainly due to architectural constraints. Beyond design-related inefficiencies, 72.5% of systems faced soiling-related efficiency losses, and 15% were affected by partial shading. The absence of proper labeling was also a prevalent issue, potentially hindering maintenance and emergency response efforts. These results underscore the necessity for enhanced planning, routine maintenance, and mitigation strategies to maximize efficiency and long-term sustainability. The practicality and scalability of the proposed framework make it a valuable tool for regulatory bodies, researchers, and industry stakeholders aiming to standardize inspection practices. Future research should explore the integration of digital tools to streamline audits, improve data collection and analysis, and facilitate replication across diverse geographic regions.