IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v322y2025ics0360544225009466.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Baseload hydrogen supply from an off-grid solar PV–wind power–battery–water electrolyzer plant

Author

Listed:
  • Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro
  • Puranen, Pietari
  • Järvinen, Lauri
  • Kosonen, Antti
  • Ruuskanen, Vesa
  • Hynynen, Katja
  • Ahola, Jero
  • Kauranen, Pertti

Abstract

Green hydrogen will play a key role in the transition to a carbon-neutral energy system. This study addresses the challenge of supplying baseload green hydrogen through an integrated off-grid alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) plant, wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power, a battery energy storage system (BESS), and a hydrogen storage system based on salt and rock cavern geologies. The capacities of the components and the hydrogen storage size are optimized simultaneously with the control of the AWE plant to minimize the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH2) of the gas supplied. The operation of the system is simulated over 30years with a 15min time resolution, considering operating expenses, component degradation, and replacements. Power generation data collected from a wind farm and a solar PV installation, both located in southeastern Finland, are used for system simulation. A sensitivity analysis, exploring different hydrogen demand rates, discount rates, and installation years, is conducted for both systems considering rock and salt caverns, providing the optimal configuration for each case. It is found that for the price scenario of the year 2025, for a combined 100MW AWE and compressor, the optimal hydrogen demand rate is 12kg/min with an LCOH2 of 3.14 €/kg and 2.77 €/kg in systems including rock and salt caverns, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Puranen, Pietari & Järvinen, Lauri & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Hynynen, Katja & Ahola, Jero & Kauranen, Pertti, 2025. "Baseload hydrogen supply from an off-grid solar PV–wind power–battery–water electrolyzer plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:322:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009466
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135304
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225009466
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135304?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Flamm, Benjamin & Peter, Christian & Büchi, Felix N. & Lygeros, John, 2021. "Electrolyzer modeling and real-time control for optimized production of hydrogen gas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    2. Sakas, Georgios & Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Pöyhönen, Santeri & Järvinen, Lauri & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Kauranen, Pertti & Ahola, Jero, 2024. "Sensitivity analysis of the process conditions affecting the shunt currents and the SEC in an industrial-scale alkaline water electrolyzer plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).
    3. Tang, Ou & Rehme, Jakob & Cerin, Pontus, 2022. "Levelized cost of hydrogen for refueling stations with solar PV and wind in Sweden: On-grid or off-grid?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    4. Chen, Shuang & Hu, Minghui & Guo, Shanqi, 2023. "Fast dynamic-programming algorithm for solving global optimization problems of hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    5. Sakas, Georgios & Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Pöyhönen, Santeri & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Kauranen, Pertti & Ahola, Jero, 2024. "Influence of shunt currents in industrial-scale alkaline water electrolyzer plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    6. Battke, Benedikt & Schmidt, Tobias S. & Grosspietsch, David & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2013. "A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 240-250.
    7. Yusuke Abe & Natsuki Hori & Seiji Kumagai, 2019. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on the Performance Degradation of LiFePO 4 /Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Due to Charge-Discharge Cycling under Different C-Rates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, November.
    8. Marano, Vincenzo & Rizzo, Gianfranco & Tiano, Francesco Antonio, 2012. "Application of dynamic programming to the optimal management of a hybrid power plant with wind turbines, photovoltaic panels and compressed air energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 849-859.
    9. Weiss, Robert & Ikäheimo, Jussi, 2024. "Flexible industrial power-to-X production enabling large-scale wind power integration: A case study of future hydrogen direct reduction iron production in Finland," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    10. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Song, Aotian & Ma, Tao, 2019. "Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 704-717.
    11. Pöyhönen, Santeri & Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Sakas, Georgios & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Kauranen, Pertti & Ahola, Jero & Kiilavuo, Jukka & Krimer, Anton, 2025. "Dynamic mass- and energy-balance simulation model of an industrial-scale atmospheric alkaline water electrolyzer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Järvinen, Lauri & Puranen, Pietari & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Hynynen, Katja & Ahola, Jero & Kauranen, Pertti, 2023. "Off-grid solar PV–wind power–battery–water electrolyzer plant: Simultaneous optimization of component capacities and system control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 345(C).
    2. Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Puranen, Pietari & Järvinen, Lauri & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Ahola, Jero & Koponen, Joonas, 2022. "Simulation methodology for an off-grid solar–battery–water electrolyzer plant: Simultaneous optimization of component capacities and system control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    3. Pöyhönen, Santeri & Ibáñez-Rioja, Alejandro & Sakas, Georgios & Kosonen, Antti & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Kauranen, Pertti & Ahola, Jero & Kiilavuo, Jukka & Krimer, Anton, 2025. "Dynamic mass- and energy-balance simulation model of an industrial-scale atmospheric alkaline water electrolyzer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    4. Guelpa, Elisa & Bischi, Aldo & Verda, Vittorio & Chertkov, Michael & Lund, Henrik, 2019. "Towards future infrastructures for sustainable multi-energy systems: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 2-21.
    5. Battke, Benedikt & Schmidt, Tobias S. & Stollenwerk, Stephan & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2016. "Internal or external spillovers—Which kind of knowledge is more likely to flow within or across technologies," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 27-41.
    6. Huan Guo & Haoyuan Kang & Yujie Xu & Mingzhi Zhao & Yilin Zhu & Hualiang Zhang & Haisheng Chen, 2023. "Review of Coupling Methods of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems and Renewable Energy Resources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    7. Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Mohammed A. Alghassab, 2023. "Decarbonizing Telecommunication Sector: Techno-Economic Assessment and Optimization of PV Integration in Base Transceiver Stations in Telecom Sector Spreading across Various Geographically Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-34, April.
    8. Manish Kumar Singla & Jyoti Gupta & Mohammed H. Alsharif & Abu Jahid, 2023. "Optimizing Integration of Fuel Cell Technology in Renewable Energy-Based Microgrids for Sustainable and Cost-Effective Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-18, June.
    9. Meng, Hui & Wang, Meihong & Olumayegun, Olumide & Luo, Xiaobo & Liu, Xiaoyan, 2019. "Process design, operation and economic evaluation of compressed air energy storage (CAES) for wind power through modelling and simulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 923-936.
    10. Moon, Yongma & Baran, Mesut, 2018. "Economic analysis of a residential PV system from the timing perspective: A real option model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 783-795.
    11. Bassam, Ameen M. & Elminshawy, Nabil A.S. & Oterkus, Erkan & Amin, Islam, 2024. "Hybrid compressed air energy storage system and control strategy for a partially floating photovoltaic plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    12. Hasan, Nor Shahida & Hassan, Mohammad Yusri & Abdullah, Hayati & Rahman, Hasimah Abdul & Omar, Wan Zaidi Wan & Rosmin, Norzanah, 2016. "Improving power grid performance using parallel connected Compressed Air Energy Storage and wind turbine system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 498-508.
    13. Jannelli, E. & Minutillo, M. & Lubrano Lavadera, A. & Falcucci, G., 2014. "A small-scale CAES (compressed air energy storage) system for stand-alone renewable energy power plant for a radio base station: A sizing-design methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 313-322.
    14. Abdullah Al Abri & Abdullah Al Kaaf & Musaab Allouyahi & Ali Al Wahaibi & Razzaqul Ahshan & Rashid S. Al Abri & Ahmed Al Abri, 2022. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    15. Weitzel, Timm & Glock, Christoph H., 2018. "Energy management for stationary electric energy storage systems: A systematic literature review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 264(2), pages 582-606.
    16. Jülch, Verena, 2016. "Comparison of electricity storage options using levelized cost of storage (LCOS) method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1594-1606.
    17. Liang Zhang & Shunli Wang & Daniel-Ioan Stroe & Chuanyun Zou & Carlos Fernandez & Chunmei Yu, 2020. "An Accurate Time Constant Parameter Determination Method for the Varying Condition Equivalent Circuit Model of Lithium Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-12, April.
    18. Rappaport, Ron D. & Miles, John, 2017. "Cloud energy storage for grid scale applications in the UK," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 609-622.
    19. Keck, Felix & Jütte, Silke & Lenzen, Manfred & Li, Mengyu, 2022. "Assessment of two optimisation methods for renewable energy capacity expansion planning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    20. Hunt, Julian David & Zakeri, Behnam & Falchetta, Giacomo & Nascimento, Andreas & Wada, Yoshihide & Riahi, Keywan, 2020. "Mountain Gravity Energy Storage: A new solution for closing the gap between existing short- and long-term storage technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:322:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009466. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.