IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v319y2025ics036054422500595x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A two-stage approach for determination of optimal size and site of distributed generations and charging stations in the distribution system, considering load growth and the electric vehicle penetration

Author

Listed:
  • Ghani, R.
  • Farjah, E.

Abstract

—The blend of renewable energy sources (RES) with electric vehicles (EVs) is a significant step towards becoming nearly emission-free. The development of EVs cannot be separated from charging infrastructure. Currently, the creation of EV charging stations (CSs) and distributed generation (DG) face challenges in siting and sizing on the distribution network, making optimal and logical methods necessary. For this aim, a two-stage approach is proposed in this paper focusing on minimizing costs, total losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and greenhouse gas emissions. It is predicted that in the future years of the project, if the constraints of the moot point are broken with the growth of load and EV penetration, the capacity of DG units will be updated. The simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the various scenarios under standard conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghani, R. & Farjah, E., 2025. "A two-stage approach for determination of optimal size and site of distributed generations and charging stations in the distribution system, considering load growth and the electric vehicle penetratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:319:y:2025:i:c:s036054422500595x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.134953
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054422500595X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.134953?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fernando Postigo Marcos & Carlos Mateo Domingo & Tomás Gómez San Román & Rafael Cossent Arín, 2020. "Location and Sizing of Micro-Grids to Improve Continuity of Supply in Radial Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-21, July.
    2. Rehman, Anis Ur & Ullah, Zia & Shafiq, Aqib & Hasanien, Hany M. & Luo, Peng & Badshah, Fazal, 2023. "Load management, energy economics, and environmental protection nexus considering PV-based EV charging stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    3. Hong Zheng & Xiaozheng He & Yongfu Li & Srinivas Peeta, 2017. "Traffic Equilibrium and Charging Facility Locations for Electric Vehicles," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 435-457, June.
    4. Zhou, Guangyou & Zhu, Zhiwei & Luo, Sumei, 2022. "Location optimization of electric vehicle charging stations: Based on cost model and genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    5. Zhan, Weipeng & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Liu, Peng & Cui, Dingsong & Dorrell, David G., 2022. "A review of siting, sizing, optimal scheduling, and cost-benefit analysis for battery swapping stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    6. Polisetty, S.P.R. Swamy & Jayanthi, R. & Sai Veerraju, M., 2023. "An intelligent optimal charging stations placement on the grid system for the electric vehicle application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    7. Yue Zhang & Qi Zhang & Arash Farnoosh & Siyuan Chen & Yan Li, 2019. "GIS-Based Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization of charging stations for electric vehicles," Post-Print hal-02009151, HAL.
    8. Garau, Michele & Torsæter, Bendik Nybakk, 2024. "A methodology for optimal placement of energy hubs with electric vehicle charging stations and renewable generation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    9. Yıldız, Barış & Olcaytu, Evren & Şen, Ahmet, 2019. "The urban recharging infrastructure design problem with stochastic demands and capacitated charging stations," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 22-44.
    10. Brandstätter, Georg & Kahr, Michael & Leitner, Markus, 2017. "Determining optimal locations for charging stations of electric car-sharing systems under stochastic demand," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 17-35.
    11. Panda, Mitali & Nayak, Yogesh Kumar, 2022. "Impact analysis of renewable energy Distributed Generation in deregulated electricity markets: A Context of Transmission Congestion Problem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PC).
    12. Hong Zheng & Srinivas Peeta, 2017. "Routing and charging locations for electric vehicles for intercity trips," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(4), pages 393-419, May.
    13. Ren, Xianqiang & Zhang, Huiming & Hu, Ruohan & Qiu, Yueming, 2019. "Location of electric vehicle charging stations: A perspective using the grey decision-making model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 548-553.
    14. Barik, Soumyabrata & Das, Debapriya, 2020. "A novel Q−PQV bus pair method of biomass DGs placement in distribution networks to maintain the voltage of remotely located buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    15. Mohammad Lahaghi, Seyed Amir & Azad-Farsani, Ehsan, 2024. "A risk-averse approach for distribution locational marginal price calculation in electrical distribution networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    16. Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña & Daniel Gonzalez Montoya & Carlos Andres Ramos-Paja, 2018. "Optimal Sizing and Location of Distributed Generators Based on PBIL and PSO Techniques," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-27, April.
    17. Wu, Di & Ma, Xu & Huang, Sen & Fu, Tao & Balducci, Patrick, 2020. "Stochastic optimal sizing of distributed energy resources for a cost-effective and resilient Microgrid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    18. Loni, Abdolah & Asadi, Somayeh, 2023. "Data-driven equitable placement for electric vehicle charging stations: Case study San Francisco," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    19. Zhang, Yue & Zhang, Qi & Farnoosh, Arash & Chen, Siyuan & Li, Yan, 2019. "GIS-Based Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization of charging stations for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 844-853.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gönül, Ömer & Duman, A. Can & Güler, Önder, 2024. "A comprehensive framework for electric vehicle charging station siting along highways using weighted sum method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    2. Zhou, Guangyou & Zhu, Zhiwei & Luo, Sumei, 2022. "Location optimization of electric vehicle charging stations: Based on cost model and genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    3. Xu, Min & Meng, Qiang, 2020. "Optimal deployment of charging stations considering path deviation and nonlinear elastic demand," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 120-142.
    4. Golsefidi, Atefeh Hemmati & Hipolito, F. & Pereira, Francisco Câmara & Samaranayake, Samitha, 2025. "Incremental expansion of large scale fixed and mobile charging infrastructure in stochastic environments: A novel graph-based Benders decomposition approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 380(C).
    5. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    6. Hamza El Hafdaoui & Hamza El Alaoui & Salma Mahidat & Zakaria El Harmouzi & Ahmed Khallaayoun, 2023. "Impact of Hot Arid Climate on Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    7. Li, Yanbin & Wang, Jiani & Wang, Weiye & Liu, Chang & Li, Yun, 2023. "Dynamic pricing based electric vehicle charging station location strategy using reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    8. Ferro, G. & Minciardi, R. & Robba, M., 2020. "A user equilibrium model for electric vehicles: Joint traffic and energy demand assignment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    9. Lin, Haiyang & Bian, Caiyun & Wang, Yu & Li, Hailong & Sun, Qie & Wallin, Fredrik, 2022. "Optimal planning of intra-city public charging stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    10. Li, Chengzhe & Zhang, Libo & Ou, Zihan & Wang, Qunwei & Zhou, Dequn & Ma, Jiayu, 2022. "Robust model of electric vehicle charging station location considering renewable energy and storage equipment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    11. Cao, Jianing & Han, Yuhang & Pan, Nan & Zhang, Jingcheng & Yang, Junwei, 2024. "A data-driven approach to urban charging facility expansion based on bi-level optimization: A case study in a Chinese city," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    12. Yun, Lifen & Wang, Xifu & Fan, Hongqiang & Li, Xiaopeng, 2020. "Reliable facility location design with round-trip transportation under imperfect information Part I: A discrete model," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    13. Mansur Arief & Yan Akhra & Iwan Vanany, 2023. "A Robust and Efficient Optimization Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Developing Countries under Electricity Uncertainty," Papers 2307.05470, arXiv.org.
    14. Zhao, Xiang & Cai, Bocheng & He, Jianhua & Kong, Xuesong, 2024. "Identifying potential rural residential areas for land consolidation using a data driven agent-based model," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    15. Lin, Xinyou & Li, Yalong & Zhang, Guangji, 2022. "Bi-objective optimization strategy of energy consumption and shift shock based driving cycle-aware bias coefficients for a novel dual-motor electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    16. Chen, Chong & Liu, Ying & Sun, Xianfang & Cairano-Gilfedder, Carla Di & Titmus, Scott, 2021. "An integrated deep learning-based approach for automobile maintenance prediction with GIS data," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    17. Lukáš Dvořáček & Martin Horák & Michaela Valentová & Jaroslav Knápek, 2020. "Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Points Based on Efficient Use of Chargers and Providing Private Charging Spaces," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-28, December.
    18. Dandan Hu & Xiongkai Li & Chen Liu & Zhi-Wei Liu, 2024. "Integrating Environmental and Economic Considerations in Charging Station Planning: An Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-17, January.
    19. Christos Karolemeas & Stefanos Tsigdinos & Panagiotis G. Tzouras & Alexandros Nikitas & Efthimios Bakogiannis, 2021. "Determining Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Suitability: A Qualitative Study of Greek Stakeholders Employing Thematic Analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-21, February.
    20. Di Xu & Wenhui Pei & Qi Zhang, 2022. "Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering User Satisfaction and Charging Convenience," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-16, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:319:y:2025:i:c:s036054422500595x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.