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A bi-level optimization framework for the power-side virtual power plant participating in day-ahead wholesale market as a price-maker considering uncertainty

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  • Wu, Qunli
  • Li, Chunxiang

Abstract

This paper develops a novel bilevel decision-making framework for a power-side virtual power plant (VPP) comprising refined power to gas (P2G), wherein the upper-level is the cost minimization objective of VPP, while the lower-level is social cost minimization objective of wholesale electricity market. Meanwhile, wind power uncertainty is handled by distributionally robust optimization method. By utilizing Karush-Kuhn Tucker optimality condition and strong duality theory, the bilevel model is interpreted as a tractable single-level mixed integer programming model. Simulation results show that: relative to the models with removing uncertainty and refined P2G device, 1) the proposed approach realizes outstanding economic benefit by obtaining an increase with a rate by 7.47 % and 105.09 % in total actual profit, respectively. Regarding environmental benefit, CO2 emission volume experiences a 0.89 % decline and 0.90 % increase, and the CO2 intensity of the proposed strategy is the lowest with the value of 193. 25kg/MWh. 2) The proposed model can achieve the economic and low-carbon dispatching of the VPP. Wind power curtailment in the proposed model witnesses a trivial increase and reduced by 53.19 %, respectively. 3) The model exhibits merits due to its trade-off between robustness and computational complexity.

Suggested Citation

  • Wu, Qunli & Li, Chunxiang, 2024. "A bi-level optimization framework for the power-side virtual power plant participating in day-ahead wholesale market as a price-maker considering uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:304:y:2024:i:c:s0360544224018243
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.132050
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    3. Nemati, Hadi & Sánchez-Martín, Pedro & Baringo, Ana & Ortega, Álvaro, 2025. "Single-level flexible robust optimal bidding of renewable-only virtual power plant in energy and secondary reserve markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    4. Esfahani, Moein & Alizadeh, Ali & Cao, Bo & Kamwa, Innocent & Xu, Minghui, 2025. "Bridging theory and practice: A comprehensive review of virtual power plant technologies and their real-world applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    5. Ren, Xin-Yu & Wang, Zhi-Hua & Li, Ling-Ling, 2025. "Coordinated optimization of a novel integrated energy system considering ground source heat pump, organic Rankine cycle and power-to-gas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    6. Hao Sun & Yanmei Liu & Penglong Qi & Zhi Zhu & Zuoxia Xing & Weining Wu, 2024. "Study of Two-Stage Economic Optimization Operation of Virtual Power Plants Considering Uncertainty," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-23, August.
    7. Zhao, Chen & Ye, Jinchi & He, Ping & Zhang, Shaohua & Fan, Jiale, 2026. "Two-stage data-driven adaptive robust bidding model for a virtual power plant in multi-market based on nonparametric method of LSSVM-AKDE under uncertainties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PA).

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