IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v233y2021ics0360544221014183.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine

Author

Listed:
  • Fan, Qinhao
  • Liu, Shang
  • Qi, Yunliang
  • Cai, Kaiyuan
  • Wang, Zhi

Abstract

Spark assistance along with oxygenated components addition is a promising method to achieve stable compression ignition, high thermal efficiency and low particle emission. To this end, ethanol blended with non-oxygenated gasoline was fueled to an engine working with spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) mode under air dilution and exhaust-diluted conditions. The effects of ethanol addition on engine performance including combustion characteristics, fuel economy, particle number (PN) emissions, were studied in two categories: changing research octane number (RON) by varying ethanol content and maintaining RON by changing fuel type. The results showed that ethanol addition by splash blending suppressed knock tendency, and the knock intensity could be lowered by up to 65–75% with increasing ethanol content. However, when maintaining the same RON, the ethanol-gasoline blend exhibited higher knock intensity than pure gasoline due to synergistic effects between ethanol and aromatics on auto-ignition. Compared to pure spark ignition with high-RON gasolines, using ethanol-gasoline blends under SICI could reduce the minimum fuel consumption rate by up to 25 g/(kW·h). To characterize the high-efficiency cycles under SICI, two dimensionless parameters were proposed by considering the ratios of heat release amount and duration between the flame propagation stage and auto-ignition stage. The two parameters showed good exponential correlation. As for emissions, blending ethanol could basically reduce PN emissions under SICI mode except for the cases with significant increase in nucleation particles, such as those with high knock intensity under stoichiometric condition and poor combustion quality under heavily exhaust-diluted conditions. The total PN reduction by blending ethanol is mainly due to the decrease of accumulation mode particles, during the stage of flame propagation rather than auto-ignition. Blending ethanol into non-oxygenated gasoline will directly increase unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides due to the low auto-ignition propensity of ethanol under stoichiometric or moderately lean conditions according to the temperature-pressure trajectory. Therefore, a dedicated combustion system with higher compression ratio and lean-boosted mixture is required to enhance ethanol's reactivity and achieve better fuel economy along with low PN emission for diluted SICI combustion.

Suggested Citation

  • Fan, Qinhao & Liu, Shang & Qi, Yunliang & Cai, Kaiyuan & Wang, Zhi, 2021. "Investigation into ethanol effects on combustion and particle number emissions in a spark-ignition to compression-ignition (SICI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:233:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221014183
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121170
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221014183
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121170?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cho, Jaeho & Si, Woosung & Jang, Wonwook & Jin, Dongyoung & Myung, Cha-Lee & Park, Simsoo, 2015. "Impact of intermediate ethanol blends on particulate matter emission from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 592-602.
    2. Olesky, Laura Manofsky & Martz, Jason B. & Lavoie, George A. & Vavra, Jiri & Assanis, Dennis N. & Babajimopoulos, Aristotelis, 2013. "The effects of spark timing, unburned gas temperature, and negative valve overlap on the rates of stoichiometric spark assisted compression ignition combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 407-417.
    3. Zhou, Lei & Song, Yuntong & Hua, Jianxiong & Liu, Fengnian & Wei, Haiqiao, 2020. "Effects of miller cycle strategies on combustion characteristics and knock resistance in a spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    4. Chen, Lin & Zhang, Ren & Pan, Jiaying & Wei, Haiqiao, 2020. "Effects of partitioned fuel distribution on auto-ignition and knocking under spark assisted compression ignition conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    5. Gong, Changming & Li, Zhaohui & Sun, Jingzhen & Liu, Fenghua, 2020. "Evaluation on combustion and lean-burn limitof a medium compression ratio hydrogen/methanol dual-injection spark-ignition engine under methanol late-injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    6. Wang, Zhi & Liu, Hui & Long, Yan & Wang, Jianxin & He, Xin, 2015. "Comparative study on alcohols–gasoline and gasoline–alcohols dual-fuel spark ignition (DFSI) combustion for high load extension and high fuel efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 395-405.
    7. Zhao, Feiyang & Yang, Wenming & Yu, Wenbin & Li, Han & Sim, Yu Yun & Liu, Teng & Tay, Kun Lin, 2018. "Numerical study of soot particles from low temperature combustion of engine fueled with diesel fuel and unsaturation biodiesel fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 187-193.
    8. Pachiannan, Tamilselvan & Zhong, Wenjun & Rajkumar, Sundararajan & He, Zhixia & Leng, Xianying & Wang, Qian, 2019. "A literature review of fuel effects on performance and emission characteristics of low-temperature combustion strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Dong, Shijun & Wang, Zhaowen & Yang, Can & Ou, Biao & Lu, Hongguang & Xu, Haocheng & Cheng, Xiaobei, 2018. "Investigations on the effects of fuel stratification on auto-ignition and combustion process of an ethanol/diesel dual-fuel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 19-30.
    10. Xie, Hui & Li, Le & Chen, Tao & Yu, Weifei & Wang, Xinyan & Zhao, Hua, 2013. "Study on spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) combustion with positive valve overlap at medium–high load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 622-633.
    11. Hunicz, Jacek & Mikulski, Maciej & Koszałka, Grzegorz & Ignaciuk, Piotr, 2020. "Detailed analysis of combustion stability in a spark-assisted compression ignition engine under nearly stoichiometric and heavy EGR conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    12. Olesky, Laura Manofsky & Lavoie, George A. & Assanis, Dennis N. & Wooldridge, Margaret S. & Martz, Jason B., 2014. "The effects of diluent composition on the rates of HCCI and spark assisted compression ignition combustion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 186-198.
    13. Gong, Changming & Zhang, Zilei & Sun, Jingzhen & Chen, Yulin & Liu, Fenghua, 2020. "Computational study of nozzle spray-line distribution effects on stratified mixture formation, combustion and emissions of a high compression ratio DISI methanol engine under lean-burn condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    14. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
    15. Zhou, Lei & Hua, Jianxiong & Wei, Haiqiao & Dong, Kai & Feng, Dengquan & Shu, Gequn, 2018. "Knock characteristics and combustion regime diagrams of multiple combustion modes based on experimental investigations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 31-41.
    16. Liu, Haoye & Li, Ziyang & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Nucleation mode particle evolution in a gasoline direct injection engine with/without a three-way catalyst converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    17. Li, Bowen & Li, Yanfei & Liu, Haoye & Liu, Fang & Wang, Zhi & Wang, Jianxin, 2017. "Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel/PODE blends," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 425-431.
    18. Wang, Chongming & Zeraati-Rezaei, Soheil & Xiang, Liming & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Ethanol blends in spark ignition engines: RON, octane-added value, cooling effect, compression ratio, and potential engine efficiency gain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 603-619.
    19. Liu, Hui & Wang, Zhi & Long, Yan & Xiang, Shouzhi & Wang, Jianxin & Wagnon, Scott W., 2015. "Methanol-gasoline Dual-fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) combustion with dual-injection for engine particle number (PN) reduction and fuel economy improvement," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 1010-1017.
    20. Han, Taehoon & Singh, Ripudaman & Lavoie, George & Wooldridge, Margaret & Boehman, André, 2020. "Multiple injection for improving knock, gaseous and particulate matter emissions in direct injection SI engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    21. Qian, Yong & Li, Zilong & Yu, Liang & Wang, Xiaole & Lu, Xingcai, 2019. "Review of the state-of-the-art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1269-1298.
    22. Ortiz-Soto, Elliott A. & Lavoie, George A. & Martz, Jason B. & Wooldridge, Margaret S. & Assanis, Dennis N., 2014. "Enhanced heat release analysis for advanced multi-mode combustion engine experiments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 465-479.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Catapano, Francesco & Di Iorio, Silvana & Magno, Agnese & Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, 2022. "Effect of fuel quality on combustion evolution and particle emissions from PFI and GDI engines fueled with gasoline, ethanol and blend, with focus on 10–23 nm particles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    2. Meng, Xianglong & Xie, Fangxi & Li, Xiaona & Han, Linghai & Duan, Jiaquan & Gong, Yanfeng & Zhou, You, 2024. "Study on the effects of intake valve timing and lift on the combustion and emission performance of ethanol, N-butanol, and gasoline engine under stoichiometric combustion and lean burn conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    3. Zhang, Hao & Liu, Shang & Lei, Nuo & Fan, Qinhao & Wang, Zhi, 2022. "Leveraging the benefits of ethanol-fueled advanced combustion and supervisory control optimization in hybrid biofuel-electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    4. Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Liu, Shang & Fan, Qinhao & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Data-driven predictive energy consumption minimization strategy for connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    5. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Impact of ammonia addition on knock resistance and combustion performance in a gasoline engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    6. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Fan, Qinhao & Lei, Nuo & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a high compression ratio SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kumar, T. Sathish & Ashok, B., 2021. "Critical review on combustion phenomena of low carbon alcohols in SI engine with its challenges and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    2. Rami Y. Dahham & Haiqiao Wei & Jiaying Pan, 2022. "Improving Thermal Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-60, August.
    3. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Fan, Qinhao & Lei, Nuo & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends in a high compression ratio SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    4. Zhou, Lei & Song, Yuntong & Hua, Jianxiong & Liu, Fengnian & Wei, Haiqiao, 2020. "Effects of miller cycle strategies on combustion characteristics and knock resistance in a spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    5. Huang, Yuhan & Surawski, Nic C. & Zhuang, Yuan & Zhou, John L. & Hong, Guang, 2021. "Dual injection: An effective and efficient technology to use renewable fuels in spark ignition engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    6. Wang, Xinyan & Zhao, Hua & Xie, Hui, 2016. "Effect of dilution strategies and direct injection ratios on stratified flame ignition (SFI) hybrid combustion in a PFI/DI gasoline engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 801-814.
    7. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Impact of ammonia addition on knock resistance and combustion performance in a gasoline engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    8. Song, Kang & Wang, Xinyan & Xie, Hui, 2018. "Trade-off on fuel economy, knock, and combustion stability for a stratified flame-ignited gasoline engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 437-446.
    9. Chen, Lin & Zhang, Ren & Pan, Jiaying & Wei, Haiqiao, 2020. "Effects of partitioned fuel distribution on auto-ignition and knocking under spark assisted compression ignition conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    10. Mohsin Raza & Longfei Chen & Felix Leach & Shiting Ding, 2018. "A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    11. Zhou, Lei & Hua, Jianxiong & Wei, Haiqiao & Dong, Kai & Feng, Dengquan & Shu, Gequn, 2018. "Knock characteristics and combustion regime diagrams of multiple combustion modes based on experimental investigations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 31-41.
    12. Hunicz, Jacek & Mikulski, Maciej & Koszałka, Grzegorz & Ignaciuk, Piotr, 2020. "Detailed analysis of combustion stability in a spark-assisted compression ignition engine under nearly stoichiometric and heavy EGR conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    13. Hunicz, Jacek & Mikulski, Maciej, 2018. "Investigation of the thermal effects of fuel injection into retained residuals in HCCI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1966-1984.
    14. Chen, Zhanming & He, Jingjing & Chen, Hao & Geng, Limin & Zhang, Peng, 2021. "Experimental study on cycle-to-cycle variations in natural gas/methanol bi-fueled engine under excess air/fuel ratio at 1.6," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    15. Zhen, Xudong & Tian, Zhi & Wang, Yang & Xu, Meng & Liu, Daming & Li, Xiaoyan, 2022. "Knock analysis of bio-butanol in TISI engine based on chemical reaction kinetics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    16. Kangjin Kim & Wonyong Chung & Myungsoo Kim & Charyung Kim & Cha-Lee Myung & Simsoo Park, 2020. "Inspection of PN, CO 2 , and Regulated Gaseous Emissions Characteristics from a GDI Vehicle under Various Real-World Vehicle Test Modes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-17, May.
    17. Jung, Dongwon & Iida, Norimasa, 2015. "Closed-loop control of HCCI combustion for DME using external EGR and rebreathed EGR to reduce pressure-rise rate with combustion-phasing retard," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 315-330.
    18. Shi, Weibo & Li, Zihang & Zhao, Zhe & Yu, Xiumin & Sun, Ping & Sang, Tao & Dong, Wei & Li, Ming, 2024. "A renewable clean energy application: Oxyhydrogen negative pressure inhalation for enhancing the combustion and emission characteristics of isopropanol/gasoline dual-fuel combined injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    19. Chen, Hao & Su, Xin & Li, Junhui & Zhong, Xianglin, 2019. "Effects of gasoline and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers blending in diesel on the combustion and emission of a common rail diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 981-999.
    20. Mendiburu, Andrés Z. & Lauermann, Carlos H. & Hayashi, Thamy C. & Mariños, Diego J. & Rodrigues da Costa, Roberto Berlini & Coronado, Christian J.R. & Roberts, Justo J. & de Carvalho, João A., 2022. "Ethanol as a renewable biofuel: Combustion characteristics and application in engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:233:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221014183. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.