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Chromium–tungsten–manganese oxides for synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

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  • Wan, Zuraida
  • Lim, J.K.
  • Hameed, B.H.

Abstract

Solid catalysts of chromium–tungsten–manganese oxides were prepared and used to synthesize fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) through esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at a temperature range of 130–190 °C. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmet–Teller, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The treatment conditions during catalyst preparation, effect of reaction parameters, and catalyst stability were investigated. The catalyst (CrWMnO2) was the most active with maximum FAME content of 85% at optimal reaction conditions of 170 °C reaction temperature for 3 h, methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 3:1, catalyst dosage of 1.5 wt.%, and reusability of catalyst for several cycles. Results showed that CrWMnO2 is a potential catalyst for FAME synthesis from feedstock containing high free fatty acid.

Suggested Citation

  • Wan, Zuraida & Lim, J.K. & Hameed, B.H., 2017. "Chromium–tungsten–manganese oxides for synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1989-1997.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:141:y:2017:i:c:p:1989-1997
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.116
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    1. Mahmoud, Hala R. & El-Molla, Sahar A. & Ibrahim, Marwa M., 2020. "Biodiesel production via stearic acid esterification over mesoporous ZrO2/SiO2 catalysts synthesized by surfactant-assisted sol-gel auto-combustion route," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 42-51.
    2. Soltani, Soroush & Roodbar Shojaei, Taha & Khanian, Nasrin & Shean Yaw Choong, Thomas & Asim, Nilofar & Zhao, Yue, 2022. "Artificial neural network method modeling of microwave-assisted esterification of PFAD over mesoporous TiO2‒ZnO catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 760-773.

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