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Criminal justice system contact of students with disabilities by race and ethnicity: Examining the role of school police

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  • Fisher, Benjamin W.
  • Fisher, Amy E.

Abstract

Schools are a common site of criminal justice system contact for students with disabilities (SWD), especially Black and multiracial SWD. The presence of police in schools may increase the frequency with which SWD are arrested or otherwise referred to law enforcement. This study examines the relationship between police in schools and (a) arrests and (b) referrals to law enforcement of SWD, including differences across racial/ethnic groups of SWD. It uses a difference-in-differences design drawing on two waves of data from the Civil Rights Data Collection (N = 88,479 schools). A series of two-way fixed effects models estimates the impact of either adding or removing police on the rates of arrest and referral to law enforcement of SWD. Results were mixed, with heterogeneity across both treatment-comparison conditions and racial/ethnic groups of SWD. The findings are interpreted through a lens of equity in how schools address student behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Fisher, Benjamin W. & Fisher, Amy E., 2023. "Criminal justice system contact of students with disabilities by race and ethnicity: Examining the role of school police," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:149:y:2023:i:c:s0190740923001482
    DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106953
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Emily G. Owens, 2017. "Testing the School‐to‐Prison Pipeline," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(1), pages 11-37, January.
    2. Clément de Chaisemartin & Xavier D'Haultfœuille, 2020. "Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(9), pages 2964-2996, September.
    3. Brantly Callaway & Andrew Goodman-Bacon & Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna, 2021. "Difference-in-Differences with a Continuous Treatment," Papers 2107.02637, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2024.
    4. Theriot, Matthew T., 2009. "School resource officers and the criminalization of student behavior," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 280-287, May.
    5. Callaway, Brantly & Sant’Anna, Pedro H.C., 2021. "Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 225(2), pages 200-230.
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