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Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: A Survey

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  • Clément de Chaisemartin
  • Xavier D'Haultfoeuille

Abstract

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate policies’ effects: 26 of the 100 most cited papers published by the American Economic Review from 2015 to 2019 estimate such regressions. It has recently been shown that those regressions may produce misleading estimates, if the policy’s effect is heterogeneous between groups or over time, as is often the case. This survey reviews a fast-growing literature that documents this issue, and that proposes alternative estimators robust to heterogeneous effects. We use those alternative estimators to revisit Wolfers (2006a).

Suggested Citation

  • Clément de Chaisemartin & Xavier D'Haultfoeuille, 2022. "Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects: A Survey," NBER Working Papers 29734, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29734
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    JEL classification:

    • C21 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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