IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v210y2018icp1363-1376.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Coordinated control for EV aggregators and power plants in frequency regulation considering time-varying delays

Author

Listed:
  • Jia, Hongjie
  • Li, Xiaomeng
  • Mu, Yunfei
  • Xu, Chen
  • Jiang, Yilang
  • Yu, Xiaodan
  • Wu, Jianzhong
  • Dong, Chaoyu

Abstract

Nowadays, large scale intermittent renewable energy is being integrated to power systems as a solution for the low-carbon development worldwide. With the increasing penetration of renewable power generation, system frequency stability is becoming more and more serious. To increase the utilization of renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs) are suggested to participate in load frequency control (LFC) through aggregators due to their vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability and quick response characteristic, which is denoted as EV-LFC controller in this paper. In order to fully take the advantages of EVs in the LFC, this paper presents a coordinated control strategy between EV-LFC controller and traditional power plants based LFC (PP-LFC) controller for frequency regulation. In this strategy, the EV-LFC has a priority in response than the PP-LFC when the system deviation violates its acceptable range. However, the LFC integrating EVs is with inevitable time delays due to the data and control signal transmission. Meanwhile, the system inertia uncertainty caused by renewable energy in power system may also cause instability problem. For this reason, an improved robust stability criterion is proposed to estimate the asymptotically stable for LFC system considering the inertia uncertainty and time-varying delays simultaneously. Additionally, a PI controller for EV-LFC controller is used to enhance the system frequency stability. Finally, the effect of increasing EVs number on the frequency stability is investigated, which may guide system operator to utilize EVs to the LFC properly. Case studies are carried out based on a simplified Great Britain (GB) power system. Simulation results show that the proposed coordination strategy can not only provide effective frequency regulation, but also reduce the output of traditional power plants, in which the inertia uncertainty and time delays are properly considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia, Hongjie & Li, Xiaomeng & Mu, Yunfei & Xu, Chen & Jiang, Yilang & Yu, Xiaodan & Wu, Jianzhong & Dong, Chaoyu, 2018. "Coordinated control for EV aggregators and power plants in frequency regulation considering time-varying delays," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 1363-1376.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:210:y:2018:i:c:p:1363-1376
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.174
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917307250
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.174?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Mingshen & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie & Wu, Jianzhong & Yu, Xiaodan & Qi, Yan, 2017. "Active power regulation for large-scale wind farms through an efficient power plant model of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1673-1683.
    2. Pavić, Ivan & Capuder, Tomislav & Kuzle, Igor, 2015. "Value of flexible electric vehicles in providing spinning reserve services," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 60-74.
    3. Motalleb, Mahdi & Thornton, Matsu & Reihani, Ehsan & Ghorbani, Reza, 2016. "A nascent market for contingency reserve services using demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 985-995.
    4. Yu Xiaodan & Jia Hongjie & Wang Chengshan & Jiang Yilang, 2014. "A Method to Determine Oscillation Emergence Bifurcation in Time-Delayed LTI System with Single Lag," Journal of Applied Mathematics, Hindawi, vol. 2014, pages 1-12, July.
    5. Falahati, Saber & Taher, Seyed Abbas & Shahidehpour, Mohammad, 2016. "Grid frequency control with electric vehicles by using of an optimized fuzzy controller," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 918-928.
    6. Chassin, David P. & Rondeau, Daniel, 2016. "Aggregate modeling of fast-acting demand response and control under real-time pricing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 288-298.
    7. Meng, Jian & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie & Wu, Jianzhong & Yu, Xiaodan & Qu, Bo, 2016. "Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles considering travelling behavior in the Great Britain power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 966-979.
    8. Zhong, Jin & He, Lina & Li, Canbing & Cao, Yijia & Wang, Jianhui & Fang, Baling & Zeng, Long & Xiao, Guoxuan, 2014. "Coordinated control for large-scale EV charging facilities and energy storage devices participating in frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 253-262.
    9. Yan, Ruifeng & Saha, Tapan Kumar & Modi, Nilesh & Masood, Nahid-Al & Mosadeghy, Mehdi, 2015. "The combined effects of high penetration of wind and PV on power system frequency response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 320-330.
    10. Vachirasricirikul, Sitthidet & Ngamroo, Issarachai, 2011. "Robust controller design of heat pump and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for frequency control in a smart microgrid based on specified-structure mixed H2/H∞ control technique," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 3860-3868.
    11. Zhou, Bowen & Yao, Feng & Littler, Tim & Zhang, Huaguang, 2016. "An electric vehicle dispatch module for demand-side energy participation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 464-474.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Latif, Abdul & Hussain, S.M. Suhail & Das, Dulal Chandra & Ustun, Taha Selim, 2020. "State-of-the-art of controllers and soft computing techniques for regulated load frequency management of single/multi-area traditional and renewable energy based power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    2. Roberto Germanà & Francesco Liberati & Emanuele De Santis & Alessandro Giuseppi & Francesco Delli Priscoli & Alessandro Di Giorgio, 2021. "Optimal Control of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Charging for Composition of Frequency Regulation Services," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Nie, S. & Huang, Z.C. & Huang, G.H. & Yu, L. & Liu, J., 2018. "Optimization of electric power systems with cost minimization and environmental-impact mitigation under multiple uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 249-267.
    4. Mokhtar Aly & Emad A. Mohamed & Abdullah M. Noman & Emad M. Ahmed & Fayez F. M. El-Sousy & Masayuki Watanabe, 2023. "Optimized Non-Integer Load Frequency Control Scheme for Interconnected Microgrids in Remote Areas with High Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle Penetrations," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-31, April.
    5. Dong, Chaoyu & Gao, Qingbin & Xiao, Qiao & Chu, Ronghe & Jia, Hongjie, 2020. "Spectrum-domain stability assessment and intrinsic oscillation for aggregated mobile energy storage in grid frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    6. Badesa, L. & Teng, F. & Strbac, G., 2020. "Pricing inertia and Frequency Response with diverse dynamics in a Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Programming formulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    7. Rao, Yingqing & Yang, Jun & Xiao, Jinxing & Xu, Bingyan & Liu, Wenjing & Li, Yonghui, 2021. "A frequency control strategy for multimicrogrids with V2G based on the improved robust model predictive control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    8. Dong, Chaoyu & Gao, Qingbin & Xiao, Qian & Yu, Xiaodan & Pekař, Libor & Jia, Hongjie, 2018. "Time-delay stability switching boundary determination for DC microgrid clusters with the distributed control framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 189-204.
    9. Alaperä, Ilari & Honkapuro, Samuli & Paananen, Janne, 2018. "Data centers as a source of dynamic flexibility in smart girds," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 69-79.
    10. Tang, Yi & Li, Feng & Chen, Qian & Li, Mengya & Wang, Qi & Ni, Ming & Chen, Gang, 2018. "Frequency prediction method considering demand response aggregate characteristics and control effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 936-944.
    11. Morteza Nazari-Heris & Mehdi Abapour & Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, 2022. "An Updated Review and Outlook on Electric Vehicle Aggregators in Electric Energy Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, November.
    12. Zhang, Wenjie & Gandhi, Oktoviano & Quan, Hao & Rodríguez-Gallegos, Carlos D. & Srinivasan, Dipti, 2018. "A multi-agent based integrated volt-var optimization engine for fast vehicle-to-grid reactive power dispatch and electric vehicle coordination," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 96-110.
    13. Morsy Nour & José Pablo Chaves-Ávila & Gaber Magdy & Álvaro Sánchez-Miralles, 2020. "Review of Positive and Negative Impacts of Electric Vehicles Charging on Electric Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-34, September.
    14. Saad Ullah Khan & Khawaja Khalid Mehmood & Zunaib Maqsood Haider & Muhammad Kashif Rafique & Chul-Hwan Kim, 2018. "A Bi-Level EV Aggregator Coordination Scheme for Load Variance Minimization with Renewable Energy Penetration Adaptability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-28, October.
    15. Ashraf Khalil & Ang Swee Peng, 2018. "A New Method for Computing the Delay Margin for the Stability of Load Frequency Control Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-18, December.
    16. Saad Ullah Khan & Khawaja Khalid Mehmood & Zunaib Maqsood Haider & Muhammad Kashif Rafique & Muhammad Omer Khan & Chul-Hwan Kim, 2021. "Coordination of Multiple Electric Vehicle Aggregators for Peak Shaving and Valley Filling in Distribution Feeders," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-16, January.
    17. Li, Yang & Yang, Zhen & Li, Guoqing & Mu, Yunfei & Zhao, Dongbo & Chen, Chen & Shen, Bo, 2018. "Optimal scheduling of isolated microgrid with an electric vehicle battery swapping station in multi-stakeholder scenarios: A bi-level programming approach via real-time pricing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 54-68.
    18. Neofytos Neofytou & Konstantinos Blazakis & Yiannis Katsigiannis & Georgios Stavrakakis, 2019. "Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
    19. Shang-Guan, Xingchen & He, Yong & Zhang, Chuanke & Jiang, Lin & Spencer, Joseph William & Wu, Min, 2020. "Sampled-data based discrete and fast load frequency control for power systems with wind power," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Hui & Huang, Kai & Wang, Ni & Qi, Junjian & Wu, Qiuwei & Ma, Shicong & Li, Canbing, 2019. "Optimal dispatch for participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation based on area control error and area regulation requirement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 46-55.
    2. Rahmat Khezri & Arman Oshnoei & Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh & SM Muyeen, 2018. "Coordination of Heat Pumps, Electric Vehicles and AGC for Efficient LFC in a Smart Hybrid Power System via SCA-Based Optimized FOPID Controllers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-21, February.
    3. Pavić, Ivan & Capuder, Tomislav & Kuzle, Igor, 2016. "Low carbon technologies as providers of operational flexibility in future power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 724-738.
    4. Liu, Hui & Wang, Bin & Wang, Ni & Wu, Qiuwei & Yang, Yude & Wei, Hua & Li, Canbing, 2018. "Enabling strategies of electric vehicles for under frequency load shedding," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 843-851.
    5. Diaz, Cesar & Ruiz, Fredy & Patino, Diego, 2017. "Modeling and control of water booster pressure systems as flexible loads for demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 106-116.
    6. Liu, Liuchen & Zhu, Tong & Pan, Yu & Wang, Hai, 2017. "Multiple energy complementation based on distributed energy systems – Case study of Chongming county, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 329-336.
    7. Tan, Kang Miao & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Yong, Jia Ying, 2016. "Optimal vehicle to grid planning and scheduling using double layer multi-objective algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1060-1073.
    8. Chassin, David P. & Behboodi, Sahand & Shi, Yang & Djilali, Ned, 2017. "H2-optimal transactive control of electric power regulation from fast-acting demand response in the presence of high renewables," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 304-315.
    9. Hanemann, Philipp & Behnert, Marika & Bruckner, Thomas, 2017. "Effects of electric vehicle charging strategies on the German power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 608-622.
    10. Teng, Fei & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie & Wu, Jianzhong & Zeng, Pingliang & Strbac, Goran, 2017. "Challenges on primary frequency control and potential solution from EVs in the future GB electricity system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 353-362.
    11. Zhang, S. & Mishra, Y. & Shahidehpour, M., 2017. "Utilizing distributed energy resources to support frequency regulation services," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1484-1494.
    12. Paterakis, Nikolaos G. & Gibescu, Madeleine, 2016. "A methodology to generate power profiles of electric vehicle parking lots under different operational strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 111-123.
    13. Zhou, Yue & Wu, Jianzhong & Long, Chao, 2018. "Evaluation of peer-to-peer energy sharing mechanisms based on a multiagent simulation framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 993-1022.
    14. Neofytos Neofytou & Konstantinos Blazakis & Yiannis Katsigiannis & Georgios Stavrakakis, 2019. "Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
    15. Tohid Harighi & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Ramazan Bayindir & Eklas Hossain & Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, 2019. "Electric Vehicle Charge Stations Location Analysis and Determination—Ankara (Turkey) Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-22, September.
    16. Yang, Yang & Peng, Jimmy Chih-Hsien & Ye, Zhi-Sheng, 2023. "Distributionally robust frequency dynamic constrained unit commitment considering uncertain demand-side resources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    17. Kaur, Sachpreet & Kaur, Tarlochan & Khanna, Rintu, 2022. "Design of the ANFIS based optimized frequency control module for an electric vehicle charging station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    18. Peng, Chao & Zou, Jianxiao & Lian, Lian, 2017. "Dispatching strategies of electric vehicles participating in frequency regulation on power grid: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 147-152.
    19. Qiwei Xu & Jianshu Huang & Yue Han & Yun Yang & Lingyan Luo, 2020. "A Study on Electric Vehicles Participating in the Load Regulation of Urban Complexes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-23, June.
    20. Morsy Nour & José Pablo Chaves-Ávila & Gaber Magdy & Álvaro Sánchez-Miralles, 2020. "Review of Positive and Negative Impacts of Electric Vehicles Charging on Electric Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-34, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:210:y:2018:i:c:p:1363-1376. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.