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Experimental analysis of ethanol dual-fuel combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine: An optimisation at low load

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  • Pedrozo, Vinícius B.
  • May, Ian
  • Dalla Nora, Macklini
  • Cairns, Alasdair
  • Zhao, Hua

Abstract

Conventional diesel combustion produces harmful exhaust emissions which adversely affect the air quality if not controlled by in-cylinder measures and exhaust aftertreatment systems. Dual-fuel combustion can potentially reduce the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot which are characteristic of diesel diffusion flame. The in-cylinder blending of different fuels to control the charge reactivity allows for lower local equivalence ratios and temperatures. The use of ethanol, an oxygenated biofuel with high knock resistance and high latent heat of vaporisation, increases the reactivity gradient. In addition, renewable biofuels can provide a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based fuels as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, ethanol–diesel dual-fuel combustion suffers from poor engine efficiency at low load due to incomplete combustion. Therefore, experimental studies were carried out at 1200rpm and 0.615MPa indicated mean effective pressure on a heavy-duty diesel engine. Fuel delivery was in the form of port fuel injection of ethanol and common rail direct injection of diesel. The objective was to improve combustion efficiency, maximise ethanol substitution, and minimise NOx and soot emissions. Ethanol energy fractions up to 69% were explored in conjunction with the effect of different diesel injection strategies on combustion, emissions, and efficiency. Optimisation tests were performed for the optimum fuelling and diesel injection strategy. The resulting effects of exhaust gas recirculation, intake air pressure, and rail pressure were investigated. The optimised combustion of ethanol ignited by split diesel injections resulted in higher net indicated efficiency when compared to diesel-only operation. For the best emissions case, NOx and soot emissions were reduced by 65% and 29%, respectively. Aftertreatment requirements that are generally associated with cost and fuel economy penalties can be minimised. Combustion efficiency of 98% was achieved at the expense of higher NOx emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedrozo, Vinícius B. & May, Ian & Dalla Nora, Macklini & Cairns, Alasdair & Zhao, Hua, 2016. "Experimental analysis of ethanol dual-fuel combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine: An optimisation at low load," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 166-182.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:165:y:2016:i:c:p:166-182
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.052
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Desantes, José M. & Benajes, Jesús & García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, 2014. "The role of the in-cylinder gas temperature and oxygen concentration over low load reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 854-868.
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    4. Pedrozo, Vinícius B. & Zhao, Hua, 2018. "Improvement in high load ethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion by Miller cycle and charge air cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 138-151.
    5. Telli, Giovani Dambros & Altafini, Carlos Roberto & Rosa, Josimar Souza & Costa, Carlos Alberto, 2018. "Experimental investigation of a compression ignition engine operating on B7 direct injected and hydrous ethanol fumigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 106-117.
    6. Sergejus Lebedevas & Saugirdas Pukalskas & Vygintas Daukšys & Alfredas Rimkus & Mindaugas Melaika & Linas Jonika, 2019. "Research on Fuel Efficiency and Emissions of Converted Diesel Engine with Conventional Fuel Injection System for Operation on Natural Gas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-32, June.
    7. Deng, Yuanwang & Liu, Huawei & Zhao, Xiaohuan & E, Jiaqiang & Chen, Jianmei, 2018. "Effects of cold start control strategy on cold start performance of the diesel engine based on a comprehensive preheat diesel engine model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 279-287.
    8. O'Connell, N. & Röll, A. & Lechner, R. & Luo, T. & Brautsch, M., 2019. "PODE-blend as pilot fuel in a biomethane dual fuel engine: Experimental analysis of performance, combustion and emissions characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 101-111.
    9. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Villalta, David & Lago Sari, Rafael & Gordillo Zavaleta, Victor & Gaillard, Patrick, 2019. "Potential of e-Fischer Tropsch diesel and oxymethyl-ether (OMEx) as fuels for the dual-mode dual-fuel concept," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    10. Pan, Suozhu & Cai, Kai & Cai, Min & Du, Chenbo & Li, Xin & Han, Weiqiang & Wang, Xin & Liu, Daming & Wei, Jiangjun & Fang, Jia & Bao, Xiuchao, 2021. "Experimental study on the cyclic variations of ethanol/diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    11. Pedrozo, Vinícius B. & May, Ian & Zhao, Hua, 2017. "Exploring the mid-load potential of ethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion with and without EGR," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 263-275.
    12. Liu, Junheng & Yang, Jun & Sun, Ping & Gao, Wanying & Yang, Chen & Fang, Jia, 2019. "Compound combustion and pollutant emissions characteristics of a common-rail engine with ethanol homogeneous charge and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1154-1162.
    13. Shim, Euijoon & Park, Hyunwook & Bae, Choongsik, 2018. "Intake air strategy for low HC and CO emissions in dual-fuel (CNG-diesel) premixed charge compression ignition engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1068-1077.

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