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From Jevons to Khazzoom-Brookes: Why energy efficiency alone won’t lead to sustainability

Author

Listed:
  • Ignas Mikalauskas

    (Klaipeda University)

  • Darius Karasa

    (Lithuanian Energy Institute)

Abstract

Energy efficiency is extensively advocated as a fundamental sustainability strategy; nevertheless, historical and empirical evidence indicates that improvements in efficiency frequently result in heightened energy use instead of absolute reductions. The Jevons Paradox, further elaborated as the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate, manifests when reduced energy expenses lead to increased consumption across individual, industrial, and macroeconomic levels. Rebound effects occur in transportation, manufacturing, and digital technologies, where improvements in efficiency often lead to increased overall energy consumption. This analysis investigates the extent to which these dynamics apply to the renewable energy transition, wherein efficiency improvements in solar, wind, and battery storage frequently result in heightened power demand instead of equivalent fossil fuel displacement.

Suggested Citation

  • Ignas Mikalauskas & Darius Karasa, 2025. "From Jevons to Khazzoom-Brookes: Why energy efficiency alone won’t lead to sustainability," Transformations and Sustainability, Centre for Productivity and Sustainability Analysis, vol. 1(4), pages 300-327.
    • Handle: RePEc:dbj:trasus:v:1:y:2025:i:4:p:300-327
    DOI: 10.63775/hk5d1t79
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Clark, Gregory & Jacks, David, 2007. "Coal and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1869," European Review of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 11(1), pages 39-72, April.
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