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Breaking Down the Wall: The Effect of Immigration Enforcement and Nonprofit Services on Undocumented Student Academic Performance

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  • Hawes Daniel P.

    (Department of Political Science, 4229 Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA)

  • Chand Daniel E.

    (Department of Political Science, 4229 Kent State University , Kent, OH, USA)

  • Calderon Maria Apolonia

    (School of Public Policy, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 20742 5031, USA)

Abstract

Much of public administration and nonprofit research centers on issues of race and gender, but citizenship remains underdeveloped for a variety of reasons, especially due to a lack of data on the undocumented community. The first research aim of this study is to identify how immigration enforcement affects undocumented student performance. The second contribution is to understand the effect of how legal service provision by immigrant-serving nonprofits comes into play. Theoretically, these services work toward helping buffer the negative implications of community arrests and deportations on student performance. We test our theoretical arguments using a unique dataset comprised of student-level performance metrics of 2 million Latino students – including nearly 225,000 undocumented students – in Texas public schools. These data are merged with county and district-level data that reflect the level of immigrant deportations and the presence of immigrant-serving nonprofits (ISOs) in their communities. This research finds that immigration enforcement negatively impacts undocumented student performance. Furthermore, ISOs can help limit these effects and improve educational performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Hawes Daniel P. & Chand Daniel E. & Calderon Maria Apolonia, 2025. "Breaking Down the Wall: The Effect of Immigration Enforcement and Nonprofit Services on Undocumented Student Academic Performance," Nonprofit Policy Forum, De Gruyter, vol. 16(2), pages 249-272.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:nonpfo:v:16:y:2025:i:2:p:249-272:n:1009
    DOI: 10.1515/npf-2023-0075
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tara Watson, 2014. "Inside the Refrigerator: Immigration Enforcement and Chilling Effects in Medicaid Participation," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 6(3), pages 313-338, August.
    2. Brambor, Thomas & Clark, William Roberts & Golder, Matt, 2006. "Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(1), pages 63-82, January.
    3. Meier, Kenneth John, 1975. "Representative Bureaucracy: An Empirical Analysis," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 69(2), pages 526-542, June.
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