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Does population decline lead to a “populist voting mark‐up”? A case study of the Netherlands

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  • Eveline S. van Leeuwen
  • Solmaria Halleck Vega
  • Vera Hogenboom

Abstract

The main thesis of this paper is that people in areas of (expected) population decline vote more populist to express their discontent about the current and future state of their place of residence. In many ways a “populist voting mark‐up” could be expected, as declining areas often are associated with being forgotten, fomenting societal discontent and mistrust in established political parties ultimately expected to lead to more populist votes. Using the outcomes of the Dutch national elections in 2012 and 2017, we link shares of populist votes for the PVV (Party for Freedom) and SP (Socialist Party) to indicators of population decline, as well as other demographic (“compositional effects”), local and regional characteristics (“contextual effects”) to appraise what causes higher rates of votes for populist parties in regions of decline. We do not find a “populist voting mark‐up” for declining regions when controlling for contextual effects. However, we do find that both the compositional and the contextual circumstances in areas of population decline are in such a way that they provoke discontent expressed in voting. We also conclude that it is very important to distinguish between different parties when their party programs are as contrasting as in the case of the PVV and the SP. Their different focus on immigration (PVV) and jobs (SP) is clearly visible in the results. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio empírico sobre los efectos de la segregación de trabajadores altamente cualificados (trabajadores con un título universitario) en la productividad laboral de las ciudades. Mediante el uso de datos de áreas metropolitanas de EE.UU. se pudo encontrar evidencia de un impacto positivo. Se estudiaron los posibles mecanismos y se encontró que los conglomerados de trabajadores altamente cualificados producen spillovers positivos en la productividad de los trabajadores altamente cualificados, que compensan con creces la pérdida de productividad de los trabajadores con escasas cualificaciones, debido a su exclusión. Esto último es especialmente válido en las ciudades especializadas en industrias en las que la complementariedad entre estos dos tipos de trabajadores en la función de producción de la ciudad es baja, como la tecnología o la ciencia. Se utilizaron datos de panel y un enfoque de variables instrumentales como estrategias de identificación. Los resultados son robustos en cuanto a las diferentes especificaciones. 人口減少 (が予想される)地域の人々は、居住地の現在および将来の状態について不満を表明するために、ポピュリストに投票する傾向にあるということが本稿の主旨である。衰退地域は看過されることに繋がることが多いために、社会的不満や既成政党に対する不信を煽ることは最終的にはポピュリスト票につながることが予想されるため、多くの点で「ポピュリスト票のマークアップ」が予想される。2012年と2017年のオランダ総選挙の結果を用いて、自由党 (Party for Freedom:PVV)と社会党 (Socialist Party:SP)のポピュリスト票の割合を、人口減少の指標だけでなく、他の人口統計学的特徴(「組成効果」)、地方と地域の特徴(「コンテキスト効果」)に結びつけ、衰退地域のポピュリスト票のより高い割合の原因を評価する。コンテキスト効果を調整した場合には、衰退地域の「ポピュリスト票のマークアップ」は見られない。しかし、人口減少地域における構造的状況およびコンテキスト的状況は、いずれも投票によって表明される不満を引き起こすものであることは確かである。また、政党プログラムがPVVとSPの場合のように対照的である場合、政党を区別することが非常に重要であると結論する。政党が重点を置く政策の違い (移民 (PVV)と雇用政策 (SP))は、結果に明確に現れている。

Suggested Citation

  • Eveline S. van Leeuwen & Solmaria Halleck Vega & Vera Hogenboom, 2021. "Does population decline lead to a “populist voting mark‐up”? A case study of the Netherlands," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(2), pages 279-301, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:13:y:2021:i:2:p:279-301
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12361
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    References listed on IDEAS

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