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Post‐Industrial Widgets: Capital Flows and the Production of the Urban

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  • KATHE NEWMAN

Abstract

For decades community activists fought to increase access to capital for disinvested communities. Now community activists question whether communities have access to capital or capital has access to them. Their concerns are related to the expansion of subprime and predatory lending. The subprime crisis has often been conceptualized as the action of a minor group of predatory lenders, a problem that is individualized, segmented and inherently local. I suggest instead that mortgage capital is the post‐industrial widget, the emblematic product of the post‐industrial economy. Capital accumulated by owners is extracted from urban communities and flows through brokers and lenders to investors and the subprime lending industry, linking global (and local) capital to place. Place is the node that facilitates capital accumulation, completing the flow from the ethereal world of securities and investment in the secondary circuit of capital to the real‐world place of extraction in urban communities. Subprime lending in this context can be seen as a critical component of the financialization of the economy. National housing, macroeconomic and tax policies have expanded the importance of banking and finance within the global and national economy by increasing demand for, and the supply of, mortgage capital. I illustrate the impacts of national financial policy on urban places by examining mortgage foreclosures in Essex County, New Jersey and by talking with residents of one urban community in Newark, New Jersey. Résumé Depuis des décennies, les militants sociaux luttent pour que les communautés en manque d'investissements accèdent plus facilement aux capitaux. Désormais, ils cherchent à savoir si les communautés ont accès au capital ou si le capital a accès aux communautés, inquiets de l'essor des pratiques abusives et des prêts hypothécaires à risque. On a souvent considéré la crise des subprimes comme les agissements d'une minorité de prêteurs au comportement prédateur, situation individualisée, segmentée et forcément locale. À mon avis, les capitaux hypothécaires sont un pur gadget, produit emblématique de l'économie post‐industrielle. Les capitaux accumulés par les propriétaires sont prélevés dans les communautés urbaines; ils passent par des courtiers et prêteurs jusqu'aux investisseurs et au secteur des prêts de type subprime, associant des capitaux internationaux (et locaux) à un lieu. Le lieu est la plateforme qui facilite l'accumulation de capital en faisant aboutir le flux qui va du monde intangible des valeurs mobilières et des placements du circuit secondaire des capitaux jusqu'au lieu réel de prélèvement au sein des communautés urbaines. Dans ce contexte, on peut voir les prêts à haut risque comme une composante cruciale de la financiarisation de l'économie. Les politiques nationales fiscales, macro‐économiques et du logement ont accentué l'importance de la banque et de la finance dans l'économie mondiale et nationale en accroissant la demande et l'offre de capitaux hypothécaires. Les conséquences de la politique financière nationale sur les lieux urbains sont illustrées par les saisies hypothécaires effectuées dans le comté d'Essex (New Jersey) et par des conversations avec des membres de la communauté urbaine de Newark (New Jersey).

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  • Kathe Newman, 2009. "Post‐Industrial Widgets: Capital Flows and the Production of the Urban," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 314-331, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:2:p:314-331
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00863.x
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    1. Gale, Dennis E., 2001. "Subprime and Predatory Mortgage Refinancing: Information Technology, Credit Scoring, and Vulnerable Borrowers," Berkeley Program on Housing and Urban Policy, Working Paper Series qt6zj5g1jb, Berkeley Program on Housing and Urban Policy.
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    4. Elvin Wyly & Markus Moos & Daniel Hammel & Emanuel Kabahizi, 2009. "Cartographies of Race and Class: Mapping the Class‐Monopoly Rents of American Subprime Mortgage Capital," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 332-354, June.
    5. Kevin Fox Gotham, 2009. "Creating Liquidity out of Spatial Fixity: The Secondary Circuit of Capital and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 355-371, June.
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    1. Erica Pani & Nancy Holman, 2014. "A Fetish and Fiction of Finance: Unraveling the Subprime Crisis," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 90(2), pages 213-235, April.
    2. DÖRRY Sabine, 2011. "Financialised office markets and the cities. The example of Frankfurt am Main," LISER Working Paper Series 2011-51, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER).
    3. Gary A. Dymski, 2009. "Afterword: Mortgage Markets and the Urban Problematic in the Global Transition," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 427-442, June.
    4. Smyth, Stewart & Cole, Ian & Fields, Desiree, 2020. "From gatekeepers to gateway constructors: Credit rating agencies and the financialisation of housing associations," CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    5. Alan Walks, 2014. "From Financialization to Sociospatial Polarization of the City? Evidence from Canada," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 90(1), pages 33-66, January.
    6. Kevin Fox Gotham, 2009. "Creating Liquidity out of Spatial Fixity: The Secondary Circuit of Capital and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 355-371, June.
    7. Desiree Fields, 2017. "Unwilling Subjects of Financialization," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(4), pages 588-603, July.
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    9. Alan Walks, 2014. "Canada's Housing Bubble Story: Mortgage Securitization, the State, and the Global Financial Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 256-284, January.
    10. Dan Immergluck, 2011. "The Local Wreckage of Global Capital: The Subprime Crisis, Federal Policy and High‐Foreclosure Neighborhoods in the US," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 130-146, January.
    11. Jesús M. González-Pérez, 2022. "Evictions, Foreclosures, and Global Housing Speculation in Palma, Spain," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-26, February.
    12. Elvin Wyly & Markus Moos & Daniel Hammel & Emanuel Kabahizi, 2009. "Cartographies of Race and Class: Mapping the Class‐Monopoly Rents of American Subprime Mortgage Capital," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 332-354, June.
    13. Leigh Johnson, 2014. "Geographies of Securitized Catastrophe Risk and the Implications of Climate Change," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 90(2), pages 155-185, April.
    14. Manuel B. Aalbers, 2009. "The Sociology and Geography of Mortgage Markets: Reflections on the Financial Crisis," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 281-290, June.
    15. Saskia Sassen, 2009. "Cities Today: A New Frontier for Major Developments," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 626(1), pages 53-71, November.
    16. Manuel B. Aalbers, 2009. "The Globalization and Europeanization of Mortgage Markets," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 389-410, June.
    17. Callum Ward, 2021. "Contradictions of Financial Capital Switching: Reading the Corporate Leverage Crisis through The Port of Liverpool's Whole Business Securitization," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(2), pages 249-265, March.
    18. Saskia Sassen, 2009. "When Local Housing Becomes an Electronic Instrument: The Global Circulation of Mortgages — A Research Note," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 411-426, June.
    19. Richard Waldron & Declan Redmond, 2016. "Stress in Suburbia: Counting the Costs of Ireland's Property Crash and Mortgage Arrears Crisis," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 107(4), pages 484-501, September.
    20. Mirjam Büdenbender & Manuel B. Aalbers, 2019. "How Subordinate Financialization Shapes Urban Development: The Rise and Fall of Warsaw's Służewiec Business District," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 666-684, July.
    21. Jesus Hernandez, 2009. "Redlining Revisited: Mortgage Lending Patterns in Sacramento 1930–2004," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 291-313, June.
    22. Keene, Danya E. & Lynch, Julia F. & Baker, Amy Castro, 2014. "Fragile health and fragile wealth: Mortgage strain among African American homeowners," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 119-126.
    23. Zwiers, Merle & Bolt, Gideon & van Ham, Maarten & van Kempen, Ronald, 2014. "Neighborhood Decline and the Economic Crisis," IZA Discussion Papers 8749, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    24. Isil Erol, 2019. "New Geographies of Residential Capitalism: Financialization of the Turkish Housing Market Since the Early 2000s," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 724-740, July.

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