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â Civil Liberties and Natural Resources; Media Freedom among Developing Countries as a Case Study

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Listed:
  • Shwan Adam Aivas

    (Sulaimani Polytechnic University)

  • Hataw Hama Saleh Hussein

    (Sulaimani Polytechnic University)

  • Kamaran Qader Yaqub

    (Sulaimani Polytechnic University)

  • Ali Mohammed Salih

    (Sulaimani Polytechnic University)

Abstract

This research investigates how oil income, military spending, and non-oil tax are affecting media freedom in certain oil exporting nations. Using pooled OLS regression, the study examines data from the period 2004–2023 for Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Nigeria. Their results show that both oil income and military spending negatively influence media freedom, further supporting the idea that resource and military wealth can strengthen repressive trends and reduce. In contrast, non-oil tax revenue shows a positive effect, which suggests that increased dependence on domestic taxation increases governmental accountability, and fosters a freer press. These findings lend analytical support to the “resource curse†theory and highlight the importance of fiscal diversification in preserving democratic institutions. The findings of this study will contribute valuable insights to academic discussions and policy considerations regarding the management of natural resource revenues in countries heavily dependent on oil wealth. Understanding the complex interplay between natural resource wealth, democratization, and free media is essential for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to foster sustainable and inclusive democratic governance in resource-rich nations.

Suggested Citation

  • Shwan Adam Aivas & Hataw Hama Saleh Hussein & Kamaran Qader Yaqub & Ali Mohammed Salih, 2025. "â Civil Liberties and Natural Resources; Media Freedom among Developing Countries as a Case Study," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(3), pages 1316-1331, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:9:y:2025:issue-3:p:1316-1331
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kamaran Qader Yaqub, 2024. "Critical Advantages and Disadvantages of Exchange Rate Regimes: The Case of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(3s), pages 5686-5700, November.
    2. Kamaran Qader Yaqub, 2024. "Fluctuations of the Real Exchange Rate and the Structure of the Iraqi Economy," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(10), pages 622-640, October.
    3. Gylfason, Thorvaldur, 2001. "Natural resources, education, and economic development," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 847-859, May.
    4. Kamaran Qader Yaqub & Dr. Kiran Mustufa & Muhammad Fahad Shakoor & Azka Sarwar & Muhammad Asif, 2024. "Examining How Removing Trade Barriers Have Influenced GDP Growth in Emerging Economies," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(3), pages 338-344.
    5. Sachs, Jeffrey D. & Warner, Andrew M., 2001. "The curse of natural resources," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 827-838, May.
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