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Luenberger and Malmquist Productivity Indices: Theoretical Comparisons and Empirical Illustration

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Cited by:

  1. Philippe Barla & Sergio Perelman, 2005. "Sulphur emissions and productivity growth in industrialised countries," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 76(2), pages 275-300, June.
  2. Ancev, Tiho & Azad, Samad Md., 2015. "Environmentally Adjusted Productivity and Efficiency Measurement: A New Direction for the Luenberger Productivity Indicator," 2015 AAEA & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-28, San Francisco, California 204912, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
  3. Carlos Barros & Hercules Haralambides & Mohamed Hussain & Nicolas Perpoch, 2011. "Seaport Efficiency and Productivity Growth," Chapters, in: Kevin Cullinane (ed.), International Handbook of Maritime Economics, chapter 17, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  4. Liu, Guangtian & Wang, Bing & Zhang, Ning, 2016. "A coin has two sides: Which one is driving China’s green TFP growth?," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 481-498.
  5. Chang, Tzu-Pu & Hu, Jin-Li, 2010. "Total-factor energy productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change: An empirical study of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 3262-3270, October.
  6. Walter Briec & Kristiaan Kerstens & Nicolas Peypoch, 2012. "Exact Relations Between Four Definitions Of Productivity Indices And Indicators," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 64(2), pages 265-274, April.
  7. Mircea Epure, 2016. "Benchmarking for routines and organizational knowledge: a managerial accounting approach with performance feedback," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 87-107, August.
  8. Epure, Mircea & Kerstens, Kristiaan & Prior, Diego, 2011. "Bank productivity and performance groups: A decomposition approach based upon the Luenberger productivity indicator," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 211(3), pages 630-641, June.
  9. Jeremy Foltz & Bradford Barham & Jean-Paul Chavas & Kwansoo Kim, 2012. "Efficiency and technological change at US research universities," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 171-186, April.
  10. Pestana Barros, Carlos & Peypoch, Nicolas, 2010. "Productivity changes in Portuguese bus companies," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 295-302, September.
  11. Briec, Walter & Kerstens, Kristiaan, 2009. "The Luenberger productivity indicator: An economic specification leading to infeasibilities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 26(3), pages 597-600, May.
  12. J-P Boussemart & W Briec & H Leleu, 2009. "Linear programming solutions and distance functions under a constant returns to scale technology," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 60(1), pages 72-78, January.
  13. Zhou, Tao & Huang, Xuhui & Zhang, Ning, 2023. "The effect of innovation pilot on carbon total factor productivity: Quasi-experimental evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
  14. Nicolas Peypoch & Bernardin Solonandrasana, 2008. "Aggregate Efficiency and Productivity Analysis in the Tourism Industry," Tourism Economics, , vol. 14(1), pages 45-56, March.
  15. Gustavo Ferro & Carlos A. Romero, 2011. "Comparación de medidas de cambio de productividad. Las aproximaciones de Malmquist y Luenberger en una aplicación al mercado de seguros," Working Papers hal-00597946, HAL.
  16. Esteban Lafuente & Zoltan J. Acs & Mark Sanders & László Szerb, 2020. "The global technology frontier: productivity growth and the relevance of Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 153-178, June.
  17. Daraio, Cinzia & Di Leo, Simone & Simar, Léopold, 2024. "Conical FDH Estimators of Directional Distances and Luenberger Productivity Indices for General Technologies," LIDAM Discussion Papers ISBA 2024009, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
  18. Jeong-Hun Sin, 2020. "A study on the financial efficiency analysis method by redesigning the DEA model," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 57(2), pages 347-363, June.
  19. Barros, Carlos Pestana & Couto, Eduardo, 2013. "Productivity analysis of European airlines, 2000–2011," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 11-13.
  20. Wei Wang & Hualin Xie & Tong Jiang & Daobei Zhang & Xue Xie, 2016. "Measuring the Total-Factor Carbon Emission Performance of Industrial Land Use in China Based on the Global Directional Distance Function and Non-Radial Luenberger Productivity Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-19, April.
  21. Arnaud Abad, 2022. "An unified framework for measuring pollution-adjusted productivity change," Working Papers hal-03592388, HAL.
  22. Ben Lahouel, Béchir & Ben Zaied, Younes & Taleb, Lotfi & Kočišová, Kristína, 2022. "The assessment of socio-environmental performance change: A Benefit of the Doubt indicator based on Directional Distance Function and Malmquist productivity index," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
  23. Arnaud Abad & Paola Ravelojaona, 2020. "A Generalization of Environmental Productivity Analysis," Working Papers hal-02964799, HAL.
  24. Kenjegalieva, Karligash A. & Simper, Richard, 2011. "A productivity analysis of Central and Eastern European banking taking into account risk decomposition and environmental variables," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 26-38, January.
  25. María Molinos-Senante & Ramon Sala-Garrido, 2017. "Decomposition of Productivity Growth of Water and Sewerage Companies: An Empirical Approach for Chile," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 31(13), pages 4309-4321, October.
  26. Halkos, George E. & Aslanidis, Panagiotis – Stavros C., 2023. "Sustainable energy development in an era of geopolitical multi-crisis. Applying productivity indices within institutional framework," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
  27. Honma, Satoshi & Hu, Jin-Li, 2009. "Total-factor energy productivity growth of regions in Japan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 3941-3950, October.
  28. Amer Ait Sidhoum, 2023. "Measuring farm productivity under production uncertainty," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 67(4), pages 672-687, October.
  29. Zhuang Miao & Tomas Baležentis & Zhihua Tian & Shuai Shao & Yong Geng & Rui Wu, 2019. "Environmental Performance and Regulation Effect of China’s Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions: Evidence from “Three Regions and Ten Urban Agglomerations”," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 74(1), pages 211-242, September.
  30. Arnaud Abad & Paola Ravelojaona, 2022. "A generalization of environmental productivity analysis," Post-Print hal-03592375, HAL.
  31. Juo, Jia-Ching & Fu, Tsu-Tan & Yu, Ming-Miin & Lin, Yu-Hui, 2016. "Non-radial profit performance: An application to Taiwanese banks," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 111-121.
  32. Carlos Pestana Barrosa & Milton Nektariosb & Nicolas Peypochc, 2009. "A Luenberger Index for the Greek Life Insurance Industry," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 3-18.
  33. Shunsuke Managi & Shinji Kaneko, 2006. "Productivity of market and environmental abatement in China," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 7(4), pages 459-470, December.
  34. Jiangfeng Hu & Zhao Wang & Yuehan Lian & Qinghua Huang, 2018. "Environmental Regulation, Foreign Direct Investment and Green Technological Progress—Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Industries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-14, January.
  35. Guironnet, J.-P. & Peypoch, N., 2007. "Human capital allocation and overeducation: A measure of French productivity (1987, 1999)," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 398-410, May.
  36. Mahlberg, Bernhard & Sahoo, Biresh K., 2011. "Radial and non-radial decompositions of Luenberger productivity indicator with an illustrative application," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(2), pages 721-726, June.
  37. Shen, Zhiyang & Boussemart, Jean-Philippe & Leleu, Hervé, 2017. "Aggregate green productivity growth in OECD’s countries," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 30-39.
  38. Xianchun Liao & Jie Wang & Ting Wang & Meicun Li, 2023. "Green Credit Guideline Influencing Enterprises’ Green Transformation in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-22, August.
  39. S. Managi, 2003. "Luenberger and Malmquist productivity indices in Japan, 1955-1995," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(9), pages 581-584.
  40. Goh, Kim Huat & See, Kok Fong, 2021. "Measuring the productivity growth of Malaysia's water sector: Implications for regulatory reform," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  41. Zhu, Ning & Streimikis, Justas & Yu, Zhiqian & Balezentis, Tomas, 2023. "Energy-sustainable agriculture in the European Union member states: Overall productivity growth and structural efficiency," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
  42. A. Abad & P. Ravelojaona, 2017. "Exponential environmental productivity index and indicators," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 147-166, December.
  43. Tang, Liwei & He, Gang, 2021. "How to improve total factor energy efficiency? An empirical analysis of the Yangtze River economic belt of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
  44. Aparicio, Juan & Pastor, Jesus T. & Vidal, Fernando, 2016. "The directional distance function and the translation invariance property," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1-3.
  45. Liang Zhao & Liangyu Chen, 2022. "Research on the Impact of Government Environmental Information Disclosure on Green Total Factor Productivity: Empirical Experience from Chinese Province," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-20, January.
  46. Barros, Carlos Pestana & Menezes, Antonio & Vieira, José António Cabral & Peypoch, Nicolas & Solonandrasana, Bernardin, 2007. "An Analysis of Hospital Efficiency and Productivity Growth Using the Luenberger Productivity Indicator," IZA Discussion Papers 2689, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  47. Miao, Zhuang & Chen, Xiaodong, 2022. "Combining parametric and non-parametric approach, variable & source -specific productivity changes and rebound effect of energy & environment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
  48. Magdalena Kapelko, 2019. "Measuring productivity change accounting for adjustment costs: evidence from the food industry in the European Union," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 278(1), pages 215-234, July.
  49. Aparicio, Juan & Garcia-Nove, Eva M. & Kapelko, Magdalena & Pastor, Jesus T., 2017. "Graph productivity change measure using the least distance to the pareto-efficient frontier in data envelopment analysis," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1-14.
  50. Lindikaya W. Myeki & Nicolette Matthews & Yonas T. Bahta, 2023. "Decomposition of Green Agriculture Productivity for Policy in Africa: An Application of Global Malmquist–Luenberger Index," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-17, January.
  51. Pastor, Jesus T. & Lovell, C.A. Knox & Aparicio, Juan, 2020. "Defining a new graph inefficiency measure for the proportional directional distance function and introducing a new Malmquist productivity index," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 281(1), pages 222-230.
  52. Boon Liat Lee & Clevo Wilson & Carl A. Pasurka & Hidemichi Fujii & Shunsuke Managi, 2017. "Sources of airline productivity from carbon emissions: an analysis of operational performance under good and bad outputs," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 47(3), pages 223-246, June.
  53. Epure, Mircea & Kerstens, Kristiaan & Prior, Diego, 2008. "Benchmarking and Total Factor Productivity: A Luenberger Decomposition within the Banking Sector," Efficiency Series Papers 2008/03, University of Oviedo, Department of Economics, Oviedo Efficiency Group (OEG).
  54. Nicolas Peypoch, 2007. "Productivité du secteur touristique français : une comparaison interrégionale," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 177(1), pages 65-76.
  55. Gustavo Ferro & María Eugenia Labaronnie & Carlos A. Romero, 2011. "Medición de cambios en productividad con indicador de Luenberger en el sector de seguros en Argentina a la salida de la crisis," Working Papers hal-00597947, HAL.
  56. Zhang, Ning & Wei, Xiao, 2015. "Dynamic total factor carbon emissions performance changes in the Chinese transportation industry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 409-420.
  57. Karligash Kenjegalieva & Richard Simper, 2010. "A Productivity analysis of Eastern European banking taking into account risk decomposition and environmental variables," Discussion Paper Series 2010_02, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, revised Jan 2010.
  58. Shunsuke Managi & Pradyot Ranjan Jena, 2007. "Productivity and Environment in India," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 17(1), pages 1-14.
  59. Shaohua Zhang & Tzu-Pu Chang & Li-Chuan Liao, 2020. "A Dual Challenge in China’s Sustainable Total Factor Productivity Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-17, July.
  60. Molinos-Senante, María & Maziotis, Alexandros & Sala-Garrido, Ramón, 2014. "The Luenberger productivity indicator in the water industry: An empirical analysis for England and Wales," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 18-28.
  61. Antonio José Orozco-Gallo, 2017. "Una aproximación regional a la eficiencia y productividad de los hospitales públicos colombianos," Chapters, in: Jaime Bonet & Karelys Guzmán-Finol & Lucas Wilfried Hahn-De-Castro (ed.), La salud en Colombia: una perspectiva regional, chapter 6, pages 173-209, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  62. Yu, Yanni & Qian, Tao & Du, Limin, 2017. "Carbon productivity growth, technological innovation, and technology gap change of coal-fired power plants in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 479-487.
  63. Xiang Chen, 2018. "An allocation productivity indicator: Application in Taiwanese banks," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 8(5), pages 1-2.
  64. Picazo-Tadeo, Andrés J. & Castillo-Giménez, Juana & Beltrán-Esteve, Mercedes, 2014. "An intertemporal approach to measuring environmental performance with directional distance functions: Greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 173-182.
  65. Esteban Lafuente & László Szerb & Zoltan J. Acs, 2016. "Country level efficiency and national systems of entrepreneurship: a data envelopment analysis approach," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 41(6), pages 1260-1283, December.
  66. Halkos, George E. & Aslanidis, Panagiotis Stavros C., 2023. "New circular economy perspectives on measuring sustainable waste management productivity," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 764-779.
  67. Zhang Tao, 2008. "The efficiency assessment of food safety in China's agriculture: a case study of the rice sector," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 54(11), pages 521-528.
  68. Alexakis, Christos & Izzeldin, Marwan & Johnes, Jill & Pappas, Vasileios, 2019. "Performance and productivity in Islamic and conventional banks: Evidence from the global financial crisis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1-14.
  69. Chen, Xiang & Chen, Yong & Huang, Wenli & Zhang, Xuping, 2023. "A new Malmquist-type green total factor productivity measure: An application to China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  70. Yu, Yanni & Wu, Wenjie & Zhang, Tao & Liu, Yanchu, 2016. "Environmental catching-up, eco-innovation, and technological leadership in China's pilot ecological civilization zones," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 228-236.
  71. Guerrini, Andrea & Molinos-Senante, María & Romano, Giulia, 2018. "Italian regulatory reform and water utility performance: An impact analysis," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 95-102.
  72. A. Abad & P. Ravelojaona, 2022. "A generalization of environmental productivity analysis," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 61-78, February.
  73. Kumar, Surender & Jain, Rakesh Kumar, 2019. "Carbon-sensitive meta-productivity growth and technological gap: An empirical analysis of Indian thermal power sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 104-116.
  74. Zhang, Ning & Wang, Bing, 2015. "A deterministic parametric metafrontier Luenberger indicator for measuring environmentally-sensitive productivity growth: A Korean fossil-fuel power case," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 88-98.
  75. Nakano, Makiko & Managi, Shunsuke, 2008. "Regulatory reforms and productivity: An empirical analysis of the Japanese electricity industry," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 201-209, January.
  76. Chiang-Ping Chen & Jin-Li Hu & Chih-Hai Yang, 2013. "Produce patents or journal articles? A cross-country comparison of R&D productivity change," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 94(3), pages 833-849, March.
  77. Briec, Walter & Dumas, Audrey & Kerstens, Kristiaan & Stenger, Agathe, 2022. "Generalised commensurability properties of efficiency measures: Implications for productivity indicators," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 303(3), pages 1481-1492.
  78. Pastor, Jesus T. & Zofio, Jose L., 2017. "Can Farrell's allocative efficiency be generalized by the directional distance function approach?Author-Name: Aparicio, Juan," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 257(1), pages 345-351.
  79. Nicolas Peypoch & Bernardin Solonandrasana, 2006. "Research Note: Technical Efficiency in the Tourism Industry," Tourism Economics, , vol. 12(4), pages 653-657, December.
  80. Pinar Celikkol Geylani & Magdalena Kapelko & Spiro E. Stefanou, 2021. "Dynamic productivity change differences between global and non-global firms: a firm-level application to the U.S. food and beverage industries," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 21(2), pages 901-923, June.
  81. Jia-Ching Juo & Yu-Hui Lin & Tsai-Chia Chen, 2015. "Productivity change of Taiwanese farmers’ credit unions: a nonparametric metafrontier Malmquist–Luenberger productivity indicator," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 23(1), pages 125-147, March.
  82. Pierrick Jan & Markus Lips & Michel Dumondel, 2012. "Total factor productivity change of Swiss dairy farms in the mountain region in the period 1999 to 2008," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 93(3), pages 273-298.
  83. Walter Briec & Laurence Lasselle, 2022. "On some relations between a continuous time Luenberger productivity indicator and the Solow model," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(2), pages 484-502, April.
  84. Kapelko, Magdalena & Oude Lansink, Alfons & Stefanou, Spiro, 2012. "Analysis of static and dynamic productivity growth in the Spanish meat processing industry," Problems of World Agriculture / Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, vol. 12(27), pages 1-13, September.
  85. Alexandros Maziotis & María Molinos-Senante & Ramon Sala-Garrido, 2017. "Assesing the Impact of Quality of Service on the Productivity of Water Industry: a Malmquist-Luenberger Approach for England and Wales," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 31(8), pages 2407-2427, June.
  86. Kapelko, Magdalena & Oude Lansink, Alfons G.J.M. & Stefanou, Spiro E., 2012. "Dynamic Productivity Growth in the Spanish Meat Industry," 131st Seminar, September 18-19, 2012, Prague, Czech Republic 135789, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
  87. Lansink, Alfons Oude & Stefanou, Spiro & Serra, Teresa, 2015. "Primal and dual dynamic Luenberger productivity indicators," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 241(2), pages 555-563.
  88. María Molinos-Senante & Alexandros Maziotis & Ramon Sala-Garrido, 2017. "Assessment of the Total Factor Productivity Change in the English and Welsh Water Industry: a Färe-Primont Productivity Index Approach," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 31(8), pages 2389-2405, June.
  89. Carlos Barros & António Gomes de Menezes & Nicolas Peypoch & Bernardin Solonandrasana & José Vieira, 2008. "An analysis of hospital efficiency and productivity growth using the Luenberger indicator," Health Care Management Science, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 373-381, December.
  90. Rolf Färe & Giannis Karagiannis, 2014. "Radial and directional measures of the rate of technical change," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 183-199, June.
  91. Jena, Pradyot Ranjan, 2009. "Estimating environmental efficiency and Kuznets curve for India," 2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China 51302, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
  92. Jean-Pascal Guironnet & Nicolas Peypoch, 2005. "Human Capital Allocation and Overeducation: A Measure of French Productivity," Working Papers 05-10, LAMETA, Universtiy of Montpellier, revised Oct 2005.
  93. Pereira, Miguel Alves & Camanho, Ana Santos & Marques, Rui Cunha & Figueira, José Rui, 2021. "The convergence of the World Health Organization Member States regarding the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal ‘Good health and well-being’," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
  94. Managi, Shunsuke & Jena, Pradyot Ranjan, 2008. "Environmental productivity and Kuznets curve in India," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 432-440, April.
  95. Jan, Pierrick & Lips, Markus, 2012. "Total factor productivity change of Swiss dairy farms in the mountain region in the period 1999 to 2008," Review of Agricultural and Environmental Studies - Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement (RAEStud), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 93(3).
  96. Nishat Tasnim & Munshi Naser Ibne Afzal, 2018. "An empirical investigation of country level efficiency and national systems of entrepreneurship using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the TOBIT model," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, December.
  97. Andrés J. Picazo-Tadeo & Juana Castillo & Mercedes Beltrán-Esteve, 2013. "A dynamic approach to measuring ecological-economic performance with directional distance functions: greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union," Working Papers 1304, Department of Applied Economics II, Universidad de Valencia.
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