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Fiscal implications of interest rate normalization in the United States

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  • Huixin Bi
  • Wenyi Shen
  • Shu‐Chun S. Yang

Abstract

We study the fiscal implications of interest rate normalization from the zero lower bound (ZLB) in the United States. At the ZLB, falling tax revenues and real bond prices increase government debt accumulation. During normalization, interest payments remain above the path without the ZLB, and government debt can increase further despite the recovery of output and tax revenues. Against the yardstick of ability to pay, interest rate normalization is unlikely to threaten federal debt sustainability at the current net federal debt level about 100% of GDP. If the government fails to reform Social Security and major healthcare programs, sovereign default risk can rise more quickly when debt reaches 150% of GDP. Also, a more active monetary policy anchors inflation expectations better, generates a faster recovery and, hence, slows down debt accumulation more than a less active one does. An unexpected early liftoff, however, can prolong a recession and increase debt accumulation more at the ZLB and during normalization. Répercussions fiscales de la normalisation des taux d'intérêt aux États‐Unis. Nous étudions les répercussions fiscales de la normalisation des taux d'intérêt du taux plancher zéro aux États‐Unis. Au taux plancher zéro, la diminution des recettes fiscales et des coûts des obligations réels fait grimper la dette publique. Pendant la normalisation, les paiements d'intérêt restent supérieurs au parcours sans taux plancher zéro. En dépit du redressement de la production et des recettes fiscales, la dette publique peut prendre de l'ampleur. À l'aune de la capacité de payer, il est improbable que la normalisation des taux d'intérêt vienne menacer la viabilité de la dette publique au taux actuel de dette publique nette, soit environ 100 % du PIB. Si le gouvernement ne parvient pas à réformer les programmes de sécurité sociale et les principaux programmes d'assurance maladie, le risque de défaillance d'un emprunteur souverain pourrait augmenter plus rapidement lorsque la dette atteint 150 % du PIB. De plus, des politiques monétaires plus rigoureuses parviennent à mieux ancrer les attentes quant à l'inflation et à produire un redressement plus rapide que ne le ferait une politique moins active, aidant à ralentir l'accumulation de dettes durant la normalisation. Or, un départ précoce inattendu pourrait prolonger la récession, augmentant du coup l'accumulation de dettes au taux plancher zéro et durant la normalisation.

Suggested Citation

  • Huixin Bi & Wenyi Shen & Shu‐Chun S. Yang, 2022. "Fiscal implications of interest rate normalization in the United States," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(2), pages 868-904, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:55:y:2022:i:2:p:868-904
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12584
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    Cited by:

    1. Fotiou, Alexandra & Shen, Wenyi & Yang, Shu-Chun S., 2020. "The fiscal state-dependent effects of capital income tax cuts," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    2. Mao, Ruoyun & Shen, Wenyi & Yang, Shu-Chun S., 2024. "Can passive monetary policy decrease the debt burden?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    3. Mao, Ruoyun & Shen, Wenyi & Yang, Shu-Chun S., 2023. "Uncertain policy regimes and government spending effects," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Huixin Bi & Wenyi Shen & Shu-Chun S. Yang, 2020. "U.S. Federal Debt Has Increased, but Appears Sustainable for Now," Economic Bulletin, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 1-4, November.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E43 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
    • E63 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
    • H30 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - General

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