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Does Economic Growth Stimulate Energy Consumption? The Role of Human Capital and R&D Expenditures in China

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  1. Muhammad Khalid Shahid & Aye Aye Khin & Lim Chee Seong & Muhammad Shahbaz & Fiaz Ahmad, 2024. "Mapping the Relationship of Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth through Bibliometric Analysis: A Theoretical Perspective," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 17529-17555, December.
  2. Özbek, Sefa & Naimoğlu, Mustafa, 2025. "The effectiveness of renewable energy technology under the EKC hypothesis and the impact of fossil and nuclear energy investments on the UK's Ecological Footprint," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
  3. Nisamudheen, P.P. & Shareef, K. Hassan, 2025. "The role of human capital in driving renewable energy and sustainable development in India," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  4. Aydin, Mehmet & Degirmenci, Tunahan & Erdem, Azad & Sogut, Yasin & Demirtas, Nazli, 2024. "From public policy towards the green energy transition: Do economic freedom, economic globalization, environmental policy stringency, and material productivity matter?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
  5. Olufemi Gbenga Onatunji & Olusola Joel Oyeleke & Rasaki Stephen Dauda, 2024. "Human Capital, Income Inequality and Energy Demand Nexus in sub-Sahara Africa: Insights from Asymmetric Approach," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 19517-19541, December.
  6. Li, Xiuqing & Mao, Hui & Fang, Lan, 2024. "The impact of rural human capital on household energy consumption structure: Evidence from Shaanxi Province in China," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 8, pages 1-10.
  7. Gregory Phelan & David Love, 2023. "Sustainability with Risky Growth," Working Papers 23-05, Office of Financial Research, US Department of the Treasury.
  8. Chang, Tsangyao & Hsu, Chen-Min & Chen, Sheng-Tung & Wang, Mei-Chih & Wu, Cheng-Feng, 2023. "Revisiting economic growth and CO2 emissions nexus in Taiwan using a mixed-frequency VAR model," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 319-342.
  9. Qi Xu & Salim Khan, 2023. "How Do R&D and Renewable Energy Consumption Lead to Carbon Neutrality? Evidence from G-7 Economies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-15, March.
  10. Min Fu & Xinyu Ye & Lixin Tian & Bingyue Wan, 2023. "Green Low-Carbon Extraction Behavior and Realization of Carbon Rebalancing Evolution," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-36, March.
  11. Ahmad Farabi & Zamroni & Dini Oktarina Dwi Handayani & Rahmat Heru Setianto, 2024. "Sustainable Development in Indonesia: A Study of Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, FDI, and Gross Capital Formation," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 435-446, March.
  12. Qu, Xinwei & Tian, Mingfu & Zhang, Linbo & Huang, Hongyun & Sun, Di & Song, Malin, 2025. "Energy structural change towards net-zero economy: What can we learn from carbon finance initiatives in China?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
  13. Smimou, K. & Abrokwah, M. & Drougas, A., 2025. "Corporate investment decisions and related commodities: International evidence from energy and mining industries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  14. Peng Liang & Xinhui Sun, 2024. "Does digital transformation promote the green innovation of China’s listed companies?," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(9), pages 22199-22235, September.
  15. Hondroyiannis, George & Papapetrou, Evangelia & Tsalaporta, Pinelopi, 2022. "New insights on the contribution of human capital to environmental degradation: Evidence from heterogeneous and cross-correlated countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
  16. Shaodong Shi & Xinbo Wang, 2024. "Analysis of human capital effects introducing Bayesian quantile regression in the process of industrial structural upgrading," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(7), pages 1-34, July.
  17. Faheem Ur Rehman & Abul Ala Noman Md. & Monirul Islam & Yan Wu & Ahmad Sayed Mohammed Metwally, 2025. "Export diversification and disaggregate energy consumption in BRICS economies: Does environmental degradation matter?," Energy & Environment, , vol. 36(6), pages 2790-2814, September.
  18. Hille, Erik & Angerpointner, Cian, 2025. "Did geopolitical risks in supplier countries of fossil fuels lead to reduced domestic energy consumption? Evidence from Europe," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
  19. Fang, Jianchun & Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Mallick, Hrushikesh & Padhan, Hemachandra, 2022. "Does urbanisation induce renewable energy consumption in emerging economies? The role of education in energy switching policies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  20. Hao, Ruixue & Yu, Pei & Cai, Zhengfang & Sun, Yongping, 2025. "The effect of Clean Development Mechanism on energy transition and its spillovers: Evidence from Chinese cities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  21. Xiaorui Liu & Wen Guo & Qiang Feng & Peng Wang, 2023. "Impact of interaction between financial development, urbanization, and energy consumption in China," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(8), pages 2932-2957, December.
  22. Obaid Ullah & Zia Ur Rahman & Aijun Guo & Ali Zeb, 2024. "Disaggregated Public Spending, Income Inequality and its Effect on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 20823-20850, December.
  23. Yating Zeng & Xinyue Xu & Yuyao Zhao & Bin Li, 2023. "Impact of Digital Economy on the Upgrading of Energy Consumption Structure: Evidence from Mainland China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, March.
  24. Li, Ruoyu & Gan, Yufei & Bao, Yifei & Zhou, Yun & Si, Dingwen & Liu, Qian, 2024. "Natural resources efficiency in terms of digital economy: Institutional efficiency and digital economy from the lens of natural resources," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
  25. Haohao Wei & Sheng Ding, 2026. "The impact of industry integration on industrial energy efficiency in China," Energy & Environment, , vol. 37(2), pages 560-580, March.
  26. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Li, Mingyue & Li, Xinghao & Song, Hepeng, 2025. "More green digital finance with less energy poverty? The key role of climate risk," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  27. Lin, Boqiang & Shi, Fengyuan, 2024. "Coal price, economic growth and electricity consumption in China under the background of energy transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
  28. Abdullah Abdulmohsen Alfalih, 2025. "Human Capabilities and Governance Mechanisms as Catalysts for Green Energy Supply: Insights from Natural Resource–Rich Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(1), pages 5453-5478, March.
  29. Shabir Mohsin Hashmi & Xuyou Yu & Qasim Raza Syed & Li Rong, 2024. "Testing the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis amidst climate policy uncertainty: sectoral analysis using the novel Fourier ARDL approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(7), pages 16503-16522, July.
  30. Shanqing Liu & Jiacheng Qian & Huwei Wen & Ying Wang, 2025. "The Impact of Green Finance Pilot Cities on Enterprises’ Green Innovation Performance: An Empirical Study in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, January.
  31. Arshad Ali & Magdalena Radulescu & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, 2023. "A dynamic relationship between renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian emerging economies," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(8), pages 3529-3552, December.
  32. Che, Shuai & Wang, Jun, 2022. "Policy effectiveness of market-oriented energy reform: Experience from China energy-consumption permit trading scheme," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
  33. Ziru Tang & Zenglian Zhang & Wenyueyang Deng, 2024. "Government Environmental Expenditure, Budget Management, and Regional Carbon Emissions: Provincial Panel Data from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-17, August.
  34. Tinta, Abdoulganiour Almame, 2023. "Education puzzle, financial inclusion, and energy substitution: Growth Scales," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
  35. Ahmad, Mahmood & Ahmed, Zahoor & Khan, Sana Akbar & Alvarado, Rafael, 2023. "Towards environmental sustainability in E−7 countries: Assessing the roles of natural resources, economic growth, country risk, and energy transition," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  36. Gao, Shuaizhi & Zhou, Peng & Zhang, Hongyan, 2023. "Does energy transition help narrow the urban-rural income gap? Evidence from China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
  37. Yuchen Jiang & Jiasen Sun, 2026. "Does Digital Economy Drive New Quality Productivity? Evidence From Dual Machine Learning Models," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 47(2), pages 387-402, March.
  38. Elvis D. Achuo & Pilag B.C. Kakeu & Simplice A. Asongu, 2023. "Financial development, human capital and energy transition: A global comparative analysis," Working Papers 23/005, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
  39. Abdulrasheed Zakari & Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau, 2024. "Sustainable economic development in OECD countries: Does energy security matter?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 1337-1353, February.
  40. Economou, George & Halkos, George, 2024. "Is economic growth sustainable in the long run? The answer might not be obvious," MPRA Paper 119780, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  41. Hao, Linna & Meng, Qin & Umar, Muhammad & Long, Chi, 2024. "Mineral resources and intellectual capital: Asymmetrical impacts and sustainable development outcomes," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  42. Mosab I. Tabash & Ezekiel Oseni & Adel Ahmed & Yasmeen Elsantil & Linda Nalini Daniel & Adedoyin Isola Lawal, 2024. "Pathway to a Sustainable Energy Economy: Determinants of Electricity Infrastructure in Nigeria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-25, April.
  43. Tinta, Abdoulganiour Almame, 2023. "Energy substitution in Africa: Cross-regional differentiation effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
  44. Li, Ang & Ma, Yuze & Li, Bin, 2025. "How do climate risks affect corporate energy intensity? Evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
  45. Adriana Grigorescu & Ionela Munteanu & Catalin-Daniel Dumitrica & Cristina Lincaru, 2023. "Development of a Green Competency Matrix Based on Civil Servants’ Perception of Sustainable Development Expertise," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
  46. Mmbaga, Nanzia F. & Kulindwa, Yusuph & Kazungu, Isaac, 2023. "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus in East African Sub-Region: Interactive Dynamics of Human Capital," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 11(5), December.
  47. Menglu Zhang & Shahid Ali & Yun Zhou & Abdelmohsen A. Nassani & Burkhanov Aktam Usmanovich, 2024. "Toward sustainable consumption: Exploring the role of environmental innovation and international trade on consumption‐based carbon emissions in OECD countries," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(6), pages 5987-5998, December.
  48. Du, Juntao & Shen, Zhiyang & Song, Malin & Zhang, Linda, 2023. "Nexus between digital transformation and energy technology innovation: An empirical test of A-share listed enterprises," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
  49. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Arfaoui, Nadia & Cheong, Calvin W.H., 2023. "Exploring the time-varying asymmetric effects of environmental regulation policies and human capital on sustainable development efficiency: A province level evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  50. Barnabe Abba Yadou & Philemon Bonaventure Ntang & Raisa Tchio Tchieutsouah & Valery Abba Abam‐Nde, 2024. "Do remittances align with energy transition in Africa? An approach with the level of income of countries," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 48(2), pages 549-571, May.
  51. Jie Zhang & Shilong Li, 2023. "The Impact of Human Capital on Green Technology Innovation—Moderating Role of Environmental Regulations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-19, March.
  52. Derese Kebede Teklie & Mete Han Yağmur, 2024. "The Role of Green Innovation, Renewable Energy, and Institutional Quality in Promoting Green Growth: Evidence from African Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-23, July.
  53. Du, Juntao & Gu, Hongwei & Shen, Zhiyang & Song, Malin & Vardanyan, Michael, 2024. "Assessing regional energy security characteristics: Evidence from Chinese province-level data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  54. Xilu Qiu & Xinyi Jin & Shuiling Huang & Henglang Xie & Wei Zhao, 2025. "Market-incentive environmental regulation and total factor energy efficiency: evidence from China’s energy-consuming right trading pilot," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, December.
  55. Rong Wang & Fayuan Wang & Fan Bie, 2022. "Does Green Finance and Water Resource Utilization Efficiency Drive High-Quality Economic Development?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.
  56. Du, Juntao & Shen, Zhiyang & Song, Malin & Vardanyan, Michael, 2023. "The role of green financing in facilitating renewable energy transition in China: Perspectives from energy governance, environmental regulation, and market reforms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
  57. Mingyue Chen & Shuting Wang & Xiaowen Wang, 2024. "How Does Artificial Intelligence Impact Green Development? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-23, February.
  58. Ahmad, Maaz & Jan, Dil & Ali, Sher & Khan, Usman Ullah, 2024. "Empowering Asia's sustainable future: Unraveling renewable energy dynamics with trade, carbon emission, governance, and innovative interactions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
  59. Gamze Sart & Halil Özekicioğlu & Marina Danilina & Levent Aytemiz & Yilmaz Bayar, 2024. "The Causal Nexus Among Energy Dependency, Human Capital, and Renewable Energy: An Empirical Analysis for EU Members," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-17, October.
  60. Liang, Enshuo & Zhang, Lei & Gao, Yuan & Fan, Wei, 2024. "The efficiency of natural resources in research and development: Developed economies’ mineral resources perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  61. Lien Do Thi Hoa & Phuong Vo Hang Hoang, 2024. "The Impact of Human Capital on Energy Consumption in Vietnam," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(5), pages 279-291, September.
  62. Jahanger, Atif & Usman, Muhammad & Kousar, Rakhshanda & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2023. "Implications for optimal abatement path through the deployment of natural resources, human development, and energy consumption in the era of digitalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
  63. Khan, Zaid Ashiq & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed & Tiantong, Ma & Khan, Aftab & Nurgazina, Zhanar & Tianjun, Liu & Fengwang, Ma, 2022. "Do chemical fertilizers, area under greenhouses, and renewable energies drive agricultural economic growth owing the targets of carbon neutrality in China?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  64. Zhao, Qiuyun & Liu, Fan & Liu, Zhenhai & Zheng, Jie, 2024. "Transforming capital: The role of human capital structure in modulating environmental outcomes across economic transitions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PB), pages 398-412.
  65. Xu, Xiaoping & Chen, Xinyang & Choi, Tsan-Ming & Cheng, T.C.E., 2024. "Platform financing versus bank financing: “When to choose which” for green production systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 317(2), pages 515-532.
  66. Biqing Li & Qiuting Liu & Yuming Li & Shiyong Zheng, 2023. "Socioeconomic Productive Capacity and Renewable Energy Development: Empirical Insights from BRICS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-14, March.
  67. Zhao, Fei & Wang, Yuliang & Guo, Jianlong & Wu, Lifeng, 2024. "Chinese provincial energy consumption intensity prediction by the CGM(1,1)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
  68. Anastasia Chondrogianni & Pinelopi Tsalaporta, 2023. "Reversing environmental deterioration: the role of human capital in developing countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 1585-1599, June.
  69. Zhu, Bangzhu & Chen, Gang & Wang, Ping, 2025. "Nonlinear impacts of industrial intelligence on synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions: The role of technological factors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  70. Mushafiq, Muhammad, 2023. "Towards green development: Role of researchers," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 2(4).
  71. Megha Agarwalla & Tarak Nath Sahu, 2024. "Do human capital development and innovation matter in sustaining economic development? Panel data evidence from selected developing economies," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(6), pages 6864-6880, December.
  72. Asif Ali & Jinkai Li & Jin Zhang & Muhammad Zubair Chishti, 2024. "Exploring the impact of green finance and technological innovation on green economic growth: Evidence from emerging market economies," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(6), pages 6392-6407, December.
  73. Rong, Xueyun & Ma, Yunyang & Niu, Yanan, 2025. "From “resource monopoly” to “intellect-driven growth”: Innovative human capital allocation and technological abnormal returns," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 86(PG).
  74. Ponle Henry Kareem & Mumtaz Ali & Turgut Tursoy & Wagdi Khalifa, 2023. "Testing the Effect of Oil Prices, Ecological Footprint, Banking Sector Development and Economic Growth on Energy Consumptions: Evidence from Bootstrap ARDL Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-19, April.
  75. Gao, Wang & He, Miao & Zhang, Hongwei, 2025. "Risk connectedness and portfolios between fossil energy, new energy and environmental governance markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 104(PA).
  76. Xu, Shulin & Li, Xiangyu & Ahmed, Rahil Irfan & Norena-Chavez, Diego, 2023. "Unlocking the potential of natural resources: Transforming the resource curse into a sustainable development corridor through research and development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
  77. George Ekonomou & Angeliki N. Menegaki, 2023. "China in the Renewable Energy Era: What Has Been Done and What Remains to Be Done," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-21, September.
  78. Ding, Wangwang & Du, Juntao & Kazancoglu, Yigit & Mangla, Sachin Kumar & Song, Malin, 2023. "Financial development and the energy net-zero transformation potential," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
  79. Zhang, Weike & Zeng, Ming, 2024. "Is artificial intelligence a curse or a blessing for enterprise energy intensity? Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
  80. Wu, Xiuqin & Zhang, Yi & Lee, Chi-Chuan, 2025. "Driving low-carbon energy transition with FinTech: The role of government environmental attention," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(C).
  81. George Hondroyiannis & Evangelia Papapetrou & Pinelopi Tsalaporta, 2025. "Environmental degradation and inflation in high-income countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 1-28, February.
  82. Le, Ha Chi & Bhattacharya, Mita & Smyth, Russell & Zhang, Xibin, 2025. "The impact of R&D on energy consumption: Evidence from nonlinear semi-parametric estimations for selected OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  83. Ngo, Thanh & Trinh, Hai Hong & Haouas, Ilham & Ullah, Subhan, 2022. "Examining the bidirectional nexus between financial development and green growth: International evidence through the roles of human capital and education expenditure," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  84. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Inekwe, John & Ivanovski, Kris & Smyth, Russell, 2023. "Human capital and energy consumption: Six centuries of evidence from the United Kingdom," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  85. Panagiotis Pegkas, 2024. "Energy Consumption and Human Capital: Does Human Capital Stimulate Renewable Energy? The Case of Greece," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 17256-17283, December.
  86. Raza, Muhammad Yousaf & Wu, Rongxin & Lin, Boqiang, 2023. "A decoupling process of Pakistan's agriculture sector: Insights from energy and economic perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
  87. Shah, Wasi Ul Hassan & Sarfraz, Muddassar & Yasmeen, Rizwana, 2025. "Unveiling the impact of natural energy resources depletion on energy industry productivity in top 10 economies: Moderating role of FinTech," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
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