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Der Marktzugang nach GATT/WTO-Regeln: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit und seine Bedeutung für die Handelsentwicklung der Dritten Welt

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  • Jawad, Faris

Abstract

Seit Beginn der 90er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts sind wir Zeugen einer immer weiter voranschreitenden Herausbildung weltweiter Märkte für Waren und Dienstleistungen, der so genannten Globalisierung, geworden. Kennzeichen dieser Entwicklung ist nicht nur ein Anwachsen des Welthandelsvolumens, sondern auch – bedingt durch grenzüberschreitende Kapitalströme und neue Organisationstechniken der Produktion – eine verstärkte internationale Arbeitsteilung (Allokation von Ressourcen) und eine zunehmende Spezialisierung. Dies ermöglicht, dass Produkte dort hergestellt werden, wo die Herstellung am kostengünstigsten ist. Allgemein werden mit diesem Prozess der effizienteren Nutzung von Ressourcen nicht nur Wohlfahrtsgewinne, sondern auch erhebliche Entwicklungschancen für die beteiligten Länder verbunden. Damit diese Gewinne aber zur Gänze realisiert werden können, bedarf es eines regelgebundenen, globalen Ordnungsrahmens, der einen freien Marktzugang bzw. Freihandel etabliert, damit die Allokation weltweit ohne Störungen ablaufen kann. Einen solchen Ordnungsrahmen für den internationalen Handel stellt seit 1947 das Allgemeine Zoll- und Handelsabkommen ("General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade", GATT) dar, welches 1994 als GATT'94 in der Welthandelsorganisation ("World Trade Organization", WTO) aufging. Beiden, GATT'47 und der WTO, wurde und wird vielfach vorgeworfen, den freien Marktzugang nicht durchgesetzt zu haben bzw. durchsetzen zu können und somit verantwortlich für die Marginalisierung der Entwicklungsländer im Globalisierungsprozess zu sein. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll jener Behauptung widersprochen werden. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass GATT'47 und WTO zwar nicht in der Lage gewesen sind, einen gänzlich freien Marktzugang zu etablieren, jedoch die Marginalisierung von Entwicklungsländern nicht ursächlich auf dieses Defizit zurückzuführen ist. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei ausschließlich auf dem internationalen Warenhandel, da die bei weitem größten Exportchancen für Entwicklungsländer zurzeit im Bereich des Warenhandels liegen und seiner Regulierung daher eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt.

Suggested Citation

  • Jawad, Faris, 2004. "Der Marktzugang nach GATT/WTO-Regeln: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit und seine Bedeutung für die Handelsentwicklung der Dritten Welt," IEE Working Papers 177, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Development Research and Development Policy (IEE).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ieewps:177
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