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The long-run and gender-equalizing impacts of school access : evidence from the first Indochina war

Author

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  • Dang,Hai-Anh H.
  • Hoang,Trung Xuan
  • Nguyen,Ha Minh

Abstract

Very few studies currently exist on the long-term impacts of schooling policies in developing countries. This paper examines the impacts -- half a century later -- of a mass education program conducted by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the occupied areas during the First Indochina War. Difference-in-difference estimation results suggest that school-age children who were exposed to the program obtained significantly higher levels of education than their peers who were residing in French-occupied areas. The impacts are statistically significant for school-age girls and not for school-age boys. The analysis finds beneficial spillover and inter-generational impacts of education: affected girls enjoyed higher household living standards, had more educated spouses, and raised more educated children. The paper discusses various robustness checks and extensions that support these findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Dang,Hai-Anh H. & Hoang,Trung Xuan & Nguyen,Ha Minh, 2018. "The long-run and gender-equalizing impacts of school access : evidence from the first Indochina war," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8480, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8480
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    2. Dang, Hai-Anh H. & Glewwe, Paul & Lee, Jongwook & Vu, Khoa, 2022. "The Impact Evaluation of Vietnam’s Escuela Nueva (New School) Program on Students’ Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1017, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    3. Hoang, Trung X. & Nguyen, Ha, 2023. "Multi-generational effects of school access in a developing country: Evidence from a mass education program in Vietnam," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    4. Nobuaki Yamashita & Trong‐Anh Trinh, 2022. "Long‐Term Effects of Vietnam War: Agent Orange and the Health of Vietnamese People After 30 Years," Asian Economic Journal, East Asian Economic Association, vol. 36(2), pages 180-202, June.
    5. Simon Bilo & Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad & Ebtesam AlAnsari & Lama AlHumaidan & Faleh AlRashidi, 2024. "Estimating Long-Term Impacts of Wartime Schooling Disruptions on Private Returns to Schooling in Kuwait," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 111-152, March.
    6. Dang, Hai-Anh H. & Hiraga, Masako & Viet Nguyen, Cuong, 2022. "Childcare and maternal employment: Evidence from Vietnam," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    7. Hoang, Trung Xuan & Nguyen, Cuong Viet, 2025. "The long-lasting effect of feudal human capital: Insights from Vietnam," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • H0 - Public Economics - - General
    • I2 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education
    • O1 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development
    • P3 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

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