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The Bicausal Relation between Religion and Income

Author

Listed:
  • Leon Bettendorf

    (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam)

  • Elbert Dijkgraaf

    (SEOR-ECRI, and Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam)

Abstract

In this paper the relation between religion and income is investigated using a micro-dataset for the Netherlands. Religiosity is measured by religious membership and by participation. Instead of estimating separately a religion and an income equation, joint regression is preferred since this generally yields more efficient estimates. Following the single equation approach, both religious measures are found to decrease significantly income and income is found to affect negatively religion. However, these cross-effects get insignificant once the equations are simultaneously estimated. In contrast, the effects of socio-economic characteristics on religion and income hardly differ between both approaches. This discussion paper has resulted in a publication in Applied Economics .

Suggested Citation

  • Leon Bettendorf & Elbert Dijkgraaf, 2005. "The Bicausal Relation between Religion and Income," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 05-105/2, Tinbergen Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:tin:wpaper:20050105
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Bruno, Bruna & Fiorillo, Damiano, 2013. "Voluntary work and labour income," MPRA Paper 43995, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Bruna BRUNO & Damiano FIORILLO, 2016. "Voluntary Work And Wages," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 87(2), pages 175-202, December.
    3. Piotr Bialowolski & Christos A. Makridis & Matt Bradshaw & Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska & Craig Gundersen & Noémie Pertel & Cristina Gibson & Sung Joon Jang & R. Noah Padgett & Byron R. Johnson & Tyler J, 2025. "Analysis of demographic variation and childhood correlates of financial well-being across 22 countries," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 9(5), pages 917-932, May.
    4. Selamah Abdullah Yusof & Mohammad Arif Budiman & Ruzita Mohammad Amin, 2018. "Relationship between Religiosity and Individual Economic Achievement: Evidence from South Kalimantan, Indonesia العلاقة بين التدين والإنجاز الاقتصادي للأفراد: أدلة من جنوب كاليمانتان، إندونيسيا," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 31(2), pages 3-16, July.
    5. L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2008. "Religion and Income," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 08-014/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    6. L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2011. "The bicausal relation between religion and income," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(11), pages 1351-1363.
    7. Todd C. Neumann, 2013. "The effect of drinking and smoking on the labour market outcomes of low-income young adults," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(5), pages 541-553, February.
    8. Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu & Abiodun Olusola Omotayo & Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu & Wilfred Otang-Mbeng, 2020. "Herbal-Based Cosmeceuticals and Economic Sustainability among Women in South African Rural Communities," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-14, June.
    9. Bialowolski, Piotr & A.Makridis, Christos & Bradshaw, Matt & Bialowolska, Dorota Weziak & Gundersen, Craig & Le Pertel, Noémie & Gibson, Cristina & Jang, Sung Joon & Padgett, R. Noah & Johnson, Byron , 2025. "Analysis of demographic variation and childhood correlates of financial well-being across 22 countries," OSF Preprints 6cnem_v1, Center for Open Science.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Z12 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Religion
    • H31 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Household

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