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The bicausal relation between religion and income

Author

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  • L. Bettendorf
  • E. Dijkgraaf

Abstract

In this article the relation between religion and income is investigated using a micro-dataset for the Netherlands. Religion is measured by religious membership and by participation. Instead of estimating a religion equation and an income equation separately, joint regression is preferred since this generally yields more efficient estimates. Following the single-equation approach, both religious measures are found to decrease income significantly and income is found to affect religion negatively. However, these cross-effects become insignificant once the equations are estimated simultaneously. In contrast, the effects of socio-economic characteristics on religion and income hardly differ between the approaches.

Suggested Citation

  • L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2011. "The bicausal relation between religion and income," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(11), pages 1351-1363.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:43:y:2011:i:11:p:1351-1363
    DOI: 10.1080/00036840802600442
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ruud de Mooij, 2006. "Reinventing the welfare state," CPB Special Publication 60, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    2. Edward L. Glaeser & Bruce I. Sacerdote, 2008. "Education and Religion," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 2(2), pages 188-215.
    3. L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2011. "The bicausal relation between religion and income," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(11), pages 1351-1363.
    4. Ruud de Mooij, 2006. "Reinventing the welfare state," CPB Special Publication 60.rdf, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Piotr Bialowolski & Christos A. Makridis & Matt Bradshaw & Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska & Craig Gundersen & Noémie Pertel & Cristina Gibson & Sung Joon Jang & R. Noah Padgett & Byron R. Johnson & Tyler J, 2025. "Analysis of demographic variation and childhood correlates of financial well-being across 22 countries," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 9(5), pages 917-932, May.
    2. L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2011. "The bicausal relation between religion and income," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(11), pages 1351-1363.
    3. Bruna BRUNO & Damiano FIORILLO, 2016. "Voluntary Work And Wages," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 87(2), pages 175-202, December.
    4. Selamah Abdullah Yusof & Mohammad Arif Budiman & Ruzita Mohammad Amin, 2018. "Relationship between Religiosity and Individual Economic Achievement: Evidence from South Kalimantan, Indonesia العلاقة بين التدين والإنجاز الاقتصادي للأفراد: أدلة من جنوب كاليمانتان، إندونيسيا," Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Islamic Economics Institute., vol. 31(2), pages 3-16, July.
    5. L. Bettendorf & E. Dijkgraaf, 2008. "Religion and Income," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 08-014/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    6. Todd C. Neumann, 2013. "The effect of drinking and smoking on the labour market outcomes of low-income young adults," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(5), pages 541-553, February.
    7. Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu & Abiodun Olusola Omotayo & Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu & Wilfred Otang-Mbeng, 2020. "Herbal-Based Cosmeceuticals and Economic Sustainability among Women in South African Rural Communities," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-14, June.
    8. Bruno, Bruna & Fiorillo, Damiano, 2013. "Voluntary work and labour income," MPRA Paper 43995, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Bialowolski, Piotr & A.Makridis, Christos & Bradshaw, Matt & Bialowolska, Dorota Weziak & Gundersen, Craig & Le Pertel, Noémie & Gibson, Cristina & Jang, Sung Joon & Padgett, R. Noah & Johnson, Byron , 2025. "Analysis of demographic variation and childhood correlates of financial well-being across 22 countries," OSF Preprints 6cnem_v1, Center for Open Science.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • Z12 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Religion
    • H31 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Household

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