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Tax planning by multinational firms: Firm-level evidence from a cross-country database

Author

Listed:
  • Åsa Johansson
  • Øystein Bieltvedt Skeie

    (OECD)

  • Stéphane Sorbe
  • Carlo Menon

Abstract

This paper exploits firm-level data from the ORBIS database to assess international tax planning by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Profit shifting to lower-tax rate countries is measured by comparing the profitability of MNE entities having different links to countries with different tax rates and thus different profit shifting opportunities. The paper also considers other aspects of tax planning that have been less documented in the empirical literature, such as the exploitation of mismatches between tax systems and preferential tax regimes, by comparing how profits reported by MNE entities are taxed relative to non-multinational entities with similar characteristics. The analysis builds on available unconsolidated financial account data, which, despite its limitations, is considered as the best existing cross-country firm-level data. Results are based on a very large sample of firms (1.2 million observations of MNE accounts) in 46 OECD and G20 countries and a sophisticated procedure to identify MNE groups. They provide robust evidence that MNEs shift profits to lower-tax rate countries and that large MNEs also exploit mismatches between tax systems and preferential tax treatment to reduce their tax burden. Overall, the estimated net tax revenue loss ranges from 4% to 10% of global corporate tax revenues. The empirical analysis also shows that strong “anti-avoidance” rules against tax planning are associated with reduced profit shifting, but also higher compliance costs for firms. Planification fiscale des entreprises multinationales : Des preuves basées sur des données internationales d'entreprises Ce document exploite les données d’entreprises de la base de données ORBIS pour évaluer la planification fiscale internationale des entreprises multinationales. Les transferts de bénéfices vers les pays à taux d'imposition inférieur sont mesurés en comparant la rentabilité des entités multinationales ayant des liens différents avec des pays ayant des taux d'imposition différents et donc différentes possibilités de transferts de bénéfices. Le document examine également d'autres aspects de la planification fiscale qui ont été moins documentés dans la littérature empirique, comme l'exploitation des disparités entre les systèmes fiscaux et les régimes fiscaux préférentiels, en comparant la façon dont les bénéfices déclarés par les entités multinationales sont imposés par rapport à des entités non-multinationales avec des caractéristiques similaires. L'analyse se fonde sur des données financières non consolidées, qui, malgré leurs limites, sont considérées comme le meilleur échantillon international de données d’entreprises existant. Les résultats sont basés sur un très grand échantillon d'entreprises (1,2 millions d'observations de comptes de multinationales) dans 46 pays de l'OCDE et du G20 et une procédure sophistiquée pour identifier les groupes multinationaux. Ils fournissent des preuves solides que les multinationales transfèrent leurs bénéfices vers les pays à taux d’imposition inférieur et que les grandes multinationales exploitent également les disparités entre les systèmes fiscaux et les traitements fiscaux préférentiels pour réduire leur fardeau fiscal. Au total, la perte de recettes fiscales nette estimée varie de 4% à 10% des recettes mondiales d’impôt sur les sociétés. L'analyse empirique montre également que des règles strictes « anti-évitement » contre la planification fiscale sont associés à des transferts de bénéfices réduits, mais aussi à des coûts de conformité plus élevés pour les entreprises.

Suggested Citation

  • Åsa Johansson & Øystein Bieltvedt Skeie & Stéphane Sorbe & Carlo Menon, 2017. "Tax planning by multinational firms: Firm-level evidence from a cross-country database," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1355, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1355-en
    DOI: 10.1787/9ea89b4d-en
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H26 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
    • H32 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - Firm

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