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Epistémologie du nombre comptable

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  • Michel Baupin

    (NIMEC - Normandie Innovation Marché Entreprise Consommation - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université)

Abstract

Sections de rattachement : 6 Secteur : tertiaire RÉSUMÉ. Alors que l'on croyait à l'utilité décisionnelle des nombres comptables obtenus selon des principes et des méthodes jugés les plus pertinents pour leurs utilisateurs dans le cadre d'une approche essentiellement normative de la comptabilité, les tests de cette utilité réalisés au cours de nombreuses études initiées par Beaver (1968) ainsi que par Ball et Brown (1968) montrèrent que la publication du résultat comptable traditionnel avait un effet très limité sur le comportement du marché financier, celui-ci ayant déjà anticipé les évolutions par d'autres canaux informationnels. Le problème de la nature de l'utilité des nombres comptables comme éléments de base du système de production d'information financière était posé. En réaction, vers la fin des années 1970, un paradigme fondé sur l'utilité contractuelle des nombres comptables a émergé. En s'inspirant de la démarche positive de M. Friedman et de l'Ecole de Chicago (1953) en économie, R. L. Watts et J. L. Zimmerman (1978, 1979 et 1986) de l'Ecole de Rochester ont essayé de déplacer l'utilité décisionnelle normative du nombre comptable disant « ce qu'il devait être » à une utilité contractuelle positive expliquant « pourquoi il était ce qu'il était et quels effets il pouvait avoir sur les gens et sur l'allocation des ressources » (d'après Jensen et Meckling, 1976). Développant l'idée, dans leurs articles de 1978 et 1979, que le nombre comptable n'est pas neutre car il est le reflet des choix des dirigeants cherchant à maximiser leur utilité personnelle, ils ont tenté d'élaborer les lois du comportement de ceux-ci. Leur analyse repose sur le concept de Market for Excuses qui exprime la production par les dirigeants de justifications ad hoc servant d'alibis aux décisions qu'ils prennent. Le nombre comptable est ainsi devenu sous la plume de ces auteurs un objet de nature subjective au service essentiellement des dirigeants. Nous cherchons à montrer dans cet article qu'une étude épistémologique du nombre comptable renvoie celui-ci exclusivement à un acte d'échange sur un marché. MOTS-CLÉS : épistémologie, nombre, violence, échange, valeur d'échange, partie double.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Baupin, 2011. "Epistémologie du nombre comptable," Post-Print hal-01777500, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01777500
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-01777500
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Beaver, Wh, 1968. "Information Content Of Annual Earnings Announcements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6, pages 67-92.
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